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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define energy. |
the ability to do work (move matter.) |
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Define potential energy. |
stored energy available to do work. |
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Define kinetic energy. |
energy being used to do work; any moving object possesses this form of energy. |
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Define anabolism. |
chemical reaction when simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. (requires energy) |
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Define catabolism. |
chemical reaction that break downs complex molecules into smaller units
(usually releasing energy in the process.) |
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What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics? |
1. law of energy conservation. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is constant.
2. All energy transformations are ineffeceint because every reaction loses some energy to the surrounding as heat. |
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What does entropy mean? |
randomness or disorder |
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Describe the characteristics of ATP. |
-the energy currency of a cell -found in phosphate bonds |
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How many phosphates are in ATP? |
3 phosphate groups |
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What are enzymes?
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An organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed. |
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What are substrates (active sites of enzymes)? |
The region to which the substrates bind. |
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What does induced fit mean? |
that the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance or inhibit its activity. |
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What are exergonic reactions? |
metabolic reaction that releases energy.
-break large, complex molecules into their smaller, simpler components. |
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What are endergonic reactions? |
metabolic reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed. -build complex molecules from simpler components |
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What is activation energy? |
the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. |
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What is denaturation?
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1. Can occur when proteins are heated, subjected to significant pH changes/ treated with certain chemicals 2. When a protein goes from folded to unfolded |
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What is a catalyst? |
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. |
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What are inhibitors of enzymes? |
is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. |
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What is passive energy? What are the different types? |
-It does not require energy 1. concentration gradient 2. diffusion 3. osmosis 4. facilitated diffusion |
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What is concentration gradient? |
The area where diffusion happens. -where it goes from high concentration to low concentration |
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What is down/with concentration gradient? |
Goes from high to low |
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What is against/ up concentration gradient? |
goes from low to high (not natural, requires energy) |
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What is diffusion? |
molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until there is an equilibrium. |
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What is osmosis? |
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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What is tonicity? |
strength of solution in relationship to osmosis ( the flow of water in and out of a cell) |
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What are the three types of solution of tonicity? |
1. isonic solution 2. hypertonic solution 3. hypotonic solution |
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Describe isonic solution. |
equal concentration of solutes in solution and cell (no net gain or loss of water to cell). |
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Describe hypertonic solution. |
higher solute concentration in solution than cell (net movement of water is from in > to outside of cell) |
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Describe hypotonic solution. |
lower solute concentration in solution than in the cell. (Higher in the cell.)
(net movement of water is from out > to inside of cell) |
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What is turgor pressure? |
the resulting force of water against the cell wall |
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What is facilitated diffusion? |
molecule diffuses across membrane but with help of carrier protein (explains the passage of glucose and amino acids across membrane -hydrophobic) |
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What is plasmolysis? |
is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. |
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What is active transport? What are the active ways of transport? |
-transport that requires energy 1. transport a molecule across a membrane against its concentration gradient -need ATP
2. gives a cell ability to maintain various concentrations of small molecules inside relative to outside 3. Specific proteins help with that and need ATP |
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What are the different active transport processes? |
1. sodium-potassium pump 2. endocytosis 3. exocytosis |
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What is sodium-potassium pump? |
uses ATP as an energy source to pumps 3 sodium ions (Na+) out and 2 potassium ions (K+) in. |
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What is endocytosis? |
-allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules, and brings them into the cell |
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What are the three forms of endocytosis? |
1. pinocytosis 2. phagocytosis 3. receptor mediated endocytosis |
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What is pinocytosis? |
the cell engulfs small amounts of fluids and dissolved substances |
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What is phagocytosis?
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the cell captures and engulfs large particles, such as debris or even another cell |
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What is the process of receptor mediated endocytosis? |
1. a receptor protein on a cell's surface binds a biochemical; 2. the cell membrane indents, drawing the substance into the cell |
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What is exocytosis? |
-the opposite of endocytosis uses vesicles to transport fluids and large particles out of cells |
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What are different vesicular transport mechanisms? |
1. endocytosis 2. pinocytosis 3. phagocytosis 4. receptor mediated endocytosis 5. exocytosis |