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300 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of animals |
only organisms taht are mobile, multicellular and hetertrophic |
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Do animals reproduce sexually |
yes all reproduce sexually, some asexual as well |
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animals are aerobic or anaerobic? |
aerobic respiration |
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what kind of development do animals have |
embryonic development |
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Types of animals |
invertebrates and vertebrates |
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what is an invertebrate? |
without a back bone |
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what is a vertebrate? |
with a back bone |
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examples of vertebrates |
fish, amphibians, reptimes, birds, mammals |
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ratio of invertebrates species to vertebrate |
more than 50 to 1 |
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Where did animals originate from? |
pre-Cambrian from Protist lineages |
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what were present during the Cambrian explosion (560 mya) |
representative of all major phyla) |
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phyla |
different major groups within the animal kingom |
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How do phyla differ from each other? |
-body symmetry -cephalization -type of gut -prescence or absence of a body cavity(coelum) -segmentation: present or not |
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what is cephalization |
nervous and sensory system concentrated in a head or throughout the body |
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what is body symmetry in a phyla? |
radial or bilateral |
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example of something that doesnt ahve cephalization |
sea anenome |
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characteristics of a sponge |
-no symmetry, no tissues or organs or nervous system -filter feeders -flagella in collar cells move water -loose association of cells -reproduces sexually -swimming larval stage -also reproduce asexually |
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examples of Cnidaria |
hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals |
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characteristics of Cnidaria |
-have tissues but no organs -no nervous system just a nerve net -radial symmetry -no anus -polyp, medusa body plank |
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what are predators of Cnidaria |
nematocyst like a harpoon |
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what does it mean to be "polyp, medusa body plan" |
tentacles and mouth down (meduse) or up (polyp) |
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what is a polyp body plan |
tentacles and mouth up |
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what is a medusa body plan |
tentacles and mouth down |
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what is mesoglea |
gelatnis type of materials |
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characteristics of the flatworm phylum |
-bilateral symmetry -has tissues and organs -brain and simple nervous system -single opening to gut (no anus) -no coelum -some are free living -many are parasites -complex life cycles |
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example of free living flatworms |
planaria |
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characteristics of nematodes (round worms) |
-bilateral symmetry -complete digestive tract -mouth and anus -pseudocoelum -free living scavengers -some are human parasites |
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what is a pseudocoelum |
has gut cavity but unlined |
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parasitic diseases |
-pinworms - large intestines -hookworms - small intestines -trichinosis - raw pork with roundworm encysted in muscle -elphantiasis - lodges in lymph nodes |
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what is trichinosis |
raw pork with roundworm encysted in muscle |
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what is elephantiasis |
lodges in lymph nodes |
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where do hook worms live |
small intestines and feed on blood, lay eggs, come out in feces |
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where do pinworms go in
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large intestines |
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what are the different major groups within a kingdom called |
phyla |
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animals with nematocysts are |
jelly fish |
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cephalization refers to |
location of nervous tissue |
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animals without a nervous system |
sponges |
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all the animals without an anus |
cnidarians and flatworms |
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the animal grou with medusa and polyp stages |
cnidarians |
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animals extremely abundant in the soil |
nematodes |
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tapeworms belong to the _______ phylum |
flatworm |
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what are 3 terms that in combination distinguish animals from other kingdoms? |
mobile, multicellular, hetertrophs |
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what are some flatworms that are parasitic |
blook flukes, tapeworms |
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what are some diseases caused by roundworms |
pinworm, hookworm, trichinosis, elephantiasis |
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what does it mean for a parasitic animal to have a complex life cycle? |
live in several different host animal species |
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phyla are divided into 2 major evolutionary lines called what |
protostomes and deuterostomes |
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difference of protostomes and deuterostomes |
based on pattern of embryonic development |
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prostomes |
-mouth develops first |
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examples of protostomes |
mollusks, annelids, arthropods |
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deuterstomes |
-mouth develops seconds |
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examples of deutersotomes |
echinoderms and chordates |
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mollusks |
2nd largest phylums -4 groups |
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what are the four groups of mollusks |
-gastropods: snails and slugs -chitons -bivalves: clams, oysters -cephalopods: octopus and squid |
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mollusks characteristics |
-have a mantle -have a radula -many have a shell -most have a fleshy foot -gas exchange with gills |
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what is a mantle |
cloak like tissue that overlays the body |
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what is a radula |
feedign structure, rasplike |
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chitons |
-marine animals -segmented shell (but no body) -grazers on algae |
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gastropods (stomach foot) |
-snails and slugs - largest mollusk group -mostly marine, but snails are terrestrial |
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bivalves |
-clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops -shells divided into two halves -bivalves are suspension feeders |
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cephalopods |
-carnivores with beak like jaws -shell is reduced -closed circulatory systems (blood contained vessels) -well-developed nervous system with complex brains |
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annelids in the phylum |
-earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches -segmented -live int he sea, most freshwater habitats and damp soil |
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why are annelids segmented |
-allows fo rflexibility and movement -have appendages on segments |
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annelids divided into 3 groups |
-earthworms -polychaetes -leeches |
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what are polychaetes |
some dube welling filter feeder |
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what are leeches |
-mostly freshwater -some land leeches -some are bloodsucking parasite |
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arthropods |
largest phylum -4 major grous |
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4 major groups of arthropods |
trilobites: extinct -crustaceans: shrimps, barnacles and crabs -insects, millipedes, and centipedes chelicerates: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs |
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arthropod characteristics |
-jointed appendages -exoskeleton -segmentation -well developed nervous and sensory system -open circulatory system -division of labor |
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what do the join appendages of arthropods do |
allow movement (legs, wings, antennae) |
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what do the exoskeleton on an arthropods do |
hard, provides protection and prevents water loss -must be shed to grow |
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what is segmentation in an arthropods |
segmetns specialized for different functions |
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division of labor of arthropods |
-larva - feeding -adult- breeding |
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arthropods: trilobites |
-went extinct 250 mya -little segmentation -many had compound eyes |
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arthropods: chelicerates |
-named for their feeding appendages - chelicerae -many extinct -horseshoes crab - fossil |
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chelicerae |
fangs or pincers |
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ticks are responsible for |
lyme disease |
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examples of arthropods: crustaceans |
-lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp, barnacles, pillbugs |
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arthropods: crustaceans |
-mostly marine -hard exoskeleton (crust) -multiple branched appendages that are specialized |
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groups within crustaceans |
pillbugs and copepods |
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what are pillbugs |
small, mostly marine, some found under rocks |
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what are copepods |
-small, very numerous in aquatic systems -part of zooplankton |
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another group of crustaceans |
lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp |
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lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp |
large mostly marine (except crayfish) have planktonic larvae (krill) |
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barnacles |
sessile -exoskeleton hardened into a shell -filter feeders |
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arthropods: millipedes and centipedes |
centipedes: 1 pair of legs per segment - carnivore -millipedes: 2 pairs of legs per segment -feeds on decaying material |
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centipedes |
-one pair of legs per segment -carnivores |
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millipedes: |
2 pairs of legs per segment -feeds on decaying material |
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arthropods: insects |
-outnumber all other forms of life in diversity -masters of land -ability to fly is one key to the great success of insects -many metamorphosis: larval feeding stage, adult breeding stage -reproduction: sexual with internal fertilization |
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what insects were the first fliers |
dragonflies |
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insects and humans |
-pollination of crops and fruit trees -disease spreading destruction of crops |
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what diseases do insects spread |
malaria - mosquito African sleeping sickness - fly |
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what disease do flies spread |
African sleeping sickness |
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what disease do mosquitos spread |
malaria |
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phylum chordates |
-deuterostomes -invertebrate chordates -vetebrate chordates |
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two types of chordates |
-ivnertebrate chordates -vertebrate chordates |
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invertebrate chordates |
-lancelets -tunicates |
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vertebrate chordates |
-vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals |
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characteristics of chordates |
-present in adult or embryonic stage 1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharynx with gill slits 4. postanal tail |
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the Notochord |
-long flexible rod -in primitive vertebrates and the invertebrates chordates the notochord supports the adults -in most vertebrates a bony vertebral column evolved and only remnant of the notochord exist(e.g. gelatinous disk) |
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dorsal hollow nerve cord |
-located along the back of the animal -spinal cord -head end becomes brain |
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pharynx with slits |
-all chordate embryos open to the otuside through several pairs of slits located on the sides of the pharynx(throat) -water enters through mouth and out through gill slits -filter feeding devices in invertebrate chordates -modified for gas exchange and other functions during vertebrate evolution, e.g. gill slits in fish |
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muscular postanal tail |
-locomotion -balance -our tail has been lost |
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two groups of chordates without backbones |
-tunicates -lancelets |
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tunicates
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-sessile marine animals that adhere to rocks
-filter feeders with siphons -adult tunicate scarcely resemble a chordate but larva does |
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lancelets |
-tiny marine animals -serial musculature is evidence of segmentation -segmentation in chordates evolved independently of segmentation in annelids and arthropods -most closely related to vertebrates |
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cephalization characteristics |
-distinct brain -complex sensory systems -cranium -vertebral column |
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examples of jawless vertebrates |
lampreys and hagfish
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what does the vertebral column do |
-replaces the notochord as the main axis of the body -encloses the dorsal hollow nerve cord( spinal cord) |
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examples of jawed vertebrates |
-chondrichthyes -osteichthyes -tetrapods -amniotes |
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examples of chondrichthyes |
sharks and rays |
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examples of osteichthyes |
bony fish |
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examples of tetrapods |
amphibians |
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examples of amniotes |
reptiles birds mammals |
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jawless fish characteristics |
-most lack paired appendages -bottom dwelling filter feeders -extinct members with bony plates (ostracaderms) -species alive today -lamprey - parasitic suckers -hagfish - scavengers |
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ostracaderms |
bony plates |
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lamprey |
parasitic suckers |
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hagfish |
scavengers |
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Age of Fishes |
devonian (360-400 mya) |
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key inovations |
-jaws: for better feeding -paired appendages: more maneuverable -became active predators -living groups have teeth |
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Evolution of jaws |
-from skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth. -gill slits no longer used for filter feeding but for gas exchange |
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what were gill slits used for in the past |
filter feeding |
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what are gill slits used for now |
gas exchange |
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cartilaginous fish: chondrichthyes |
-sharks - many are predators -rays -flattened bottom feeders -englarged pectoral fins that allow them to "fly" through the water |
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cartilaginous fish characteristics |
-endoskeleton made of cartilage strengthened with calcified granules -have jaws and paired fins -no lungs or swim bladder - must keep swimming to keep from sinking |
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bony fishes: osteichthyes |
-most numerous group of vertebrates in number of individuals and species -bony scales and slimy skin -have a swim bladder (air sac) that maintains buoyancy (evolved from lungs) |
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how does respiration occur in osteichthyes |
by drawing water over 4-5 pairs of gills -covered by a flap called an operculum |
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subgroups of bony fish |
ray-finned fish lobe-finned fish and lungfish |
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what is the most numerous group of bony fish |
ray-finned |
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characteristics of lobe-finned fish |
fleshy base to fin- bones inside |
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what is the only living lobefinned fish |
coelacanth |
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lungfish characteristic |
live in stagnant ponds, gulp air |
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tetrapods: amphibians |
-1st vetebrates on land -oldest fossils in late devonian -carboniferous (363-290 mya) Age of Amphibians |
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1st vertebrates on land |
amphibians |
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oldest fossils in late devonian |
amphibians |
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three subgroups of amphibians |
-salamanders -frogs and toads - largest group -legless caecilians |
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what does amphibian mean |
two lives (land and water) |
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characteristics of land and water |
-most are closely tied to water -many frogs and toads have legless larval stage and an adult stage -amphibian egg has no shell and dehydrates quickly in dry air -fertilization is external in frogs -inefficient lungs - most breathe through skin |
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how do amphibians breathe |
through skin |
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amniotes |
-reptiles, birds, and mammals -amniotic egg -adaptation for terrestial living -shell prevents drying out -uterus replaces shell in mammals' -embryo bathed in amniotic fluids |
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examples of amniotes |
reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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what are amniotic eggs for in amniotes |
adaptation for terrestrial living |
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what does the shell do for amniotes |
prevents drying out |
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reptiles |
-much more adapted to a terrestrial than amphibians -scaltes or plates of keratin covered the body to prevent dehydration -breath with lungs -most reptiles lay their eggs on land |
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are reptiles of amphibians more adapted to terrestrial life |
reptiles |
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how do reptiles prevent dehydration |
scales or plates of keratin cover the body |
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how do reptiles breathe |
with lungs |
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where do most reptiles lay their eggs |
on land |
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what kind of fertilization do reptiles have |
internal fertizliation |
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do reptiles regulate body temp with metabolism |
no |
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what are ectotherms |
"cold blooded" -use behavioral activities to regulate temperature |
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what are examples of ectotherms |
reptiles |
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how do reptiles regulate temperature |
use behavioral activities (eg. lay in sun) |
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mesozoic era |
age of reptiles -much warmer than today |
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reptiles that arent with us |
pterosaurs and dinosaurs |
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what are pterosaurs |
flying reptiles |
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what are dinasaurs |
terrestiral -probably agile and fast moving -endothermic? -complex behavior -largest was 100 ft long and as tall as 4 elephants |
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present day reptiles |
turtles, lizards and snakes, alligators and crocodilians |
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turtles |
have changed little over time |
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what are the most numerous reptiles
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lizards
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what reptile can sense chemicals, heat and vibrations |
snakes |
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largest crocodilians and alligators were how long |
40 ft long (extinct) |
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birds |
distinguished by having feathers -retain reptiles characteristics such as scaly legs and amniotic egg |
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archaeopteryx |
150 mya in the jurassic -had clawed forelimbs, teeth -long tail with vertebrae -not direct ancestor of modern birds -evidence mpoints to modern birds being from bipedal dinosaurs |
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what group gave rise to modern birds |
evidenc epoints to small bipedal dinosaurs |
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evolution of birds |
flight was beneficial |
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why was flight beneficial for birds |
-exploitation of flying insects for food -better escape from land-bound predators -migration |
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what does evolution of flight require |
radical alterations in body form |
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characteristics of bird |
-anatomy modified to enhance flight, hollow bones -wings covered with feathers made of keratin |
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bird anatomy |
-sternal keel for anchoring wing muslces -beak made of keratin -efficient lungs and air sacs -endothermic |
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what are birds beaks made of |
keratin |
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what are birds sternal keel for |
anchoring win muscles |
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primary distinguishing characteristics of mammals |
-have hair (keratin) -mammary gland -endothermic -teeth differentiated for different functions |
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what are hair made out of |
keratin |
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what happened to mammals when dinosaurs became extinct |
underwent extensive adaptive radiation
- |
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what have mammals evolved from |
reptiles |
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when do the oldest fossils of mammals date back to |
220 mya |
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how were mamals during the age of the dinosaurs |
small and probably nocturnal |
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major gruops of mammals |
monotremes -marsupials -placentals |
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monotremes |
-the platypuses and the echidnas lay eggs -have hair and milk |
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what are echidnas (spinhy anteaters monotremes eggs |
reptilian in structure and development |
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where are monotremes found |
australia and ne wguinea |
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marsupials expamlpes |
opossums (n america) -kangaroos, koalas (australia) |
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marsupials characteristics |
-embryonic development is completed in a maternal puch called a marsupium -babies born very early in their development -marsupials arose in north america and spread to S. America and Australia -replaced by placental mammals -australia isolated from invasion by placental mammals mammals |
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what replaced marsupials |
placental mammals |
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when are marsupial babies born in development |
early |
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placental mammals |
-compelte embryonic development within the uterus-joined to mother by placenta -placentals arose in Asia about the same time as marsupials -out-competed marsupials in most areas |
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major groups of mammals |
-insectivores - shrews and bats -herbivors - rabbits, horses, deer, whales] -carnivors - cats and dogs -rodents (rats and squirrels -primates (monkeys, apes and humansJ) |
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two deuterostomes phylum |
echinoderms -chordates |
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examples of echinoderms |
sea stars etc. |
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examplse of chordates |
vertebrates and others |
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in echinoderms what does echin and derm mean |
-echin means "spiny" -derma means "skin" |
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general characteristics of echinoderms |
-marine animals -radial symmetry as adults but bilateral as larvae -internal and external parts radiate from the center (often as five spokes) -endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates |
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characteristics of echinoderms |
-tube feet as part of a "water vascular system" -network of hydraulic canals that function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange |
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do echinoderms have a brain and nervous system |
no brain, have a nervous system |
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can echinoderms regenerate body parts |
yes |
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what is the surface of echinoderms like |
surface covered with spines ( to protect against predators) |
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groups within echinoderms |
sea stars brittle stars -sea urchins and sand dollars -sea lillies -sea cucumbers |
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description of sea stars |
-5 arms -predators to shelled animals -creep along on tube feet |
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brittle stars |
tube feet without suckers
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sea urchins and sand dollars |
-no arms -sea urchins covered with long spikes |
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sea lilies |
ancient group |
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sea cucumbers |
endoskeleton reduced |
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evolutionary trend sin primates |
-early primates were arboreal -primates have limber shoulder joints for brachiation -dexterous hands -claws were replaced by nails -eyes are close together in the front of face -hand eye coordination -parental care -most primates have single births -nurture their offspring for a long time |
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when are primates from |
55 mya |
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human evolution |
-unique combination of features -bipedal -large brain, high intelligence -extensive tool use -complex language |
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what are humans relatively close to |
chimps |
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when did the common ancestor of chimps and humans live |
5-7 million years ago |
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what is human evolution like |
a branched bush rather than a ladder |
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what is the traditional view of evolution |
incrementalism |
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where did human evolution begin |
Africa |
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"Lucy" founded when |
3.2 mya |
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what was significant about Lucy |
it was bipedal |
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autralopithecus from when |
4 mya |
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autralopithecus footprints found when |
3.5 mya |
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autralopithecus had what kind of brains |
small |
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autralopithecus forms |
several different forms arose and coexisted |
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what did the genus Homo arise from |
a branch of autralopithecus |
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homo habilis |
-2.5 mya -used tools -coexisted with autralopithecus |
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homo hablilis brain size |
increasing |
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homo erectus |
1.5 mya -colonized Europe and Asia -used fire -still larger brain |
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H. neanderthalensis |
-appeared about 200,000 years ago -lived in Europe and W. Asia -went extinct about 30,000 years ago |
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homo sapiens |
-emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago -spread to all continent -sophisticated tools -cave art -symbolic thought (more sophisticated language) -did they outcompete (or kill) other existing hominid species? |
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where did homo erectus migarte out of |
Africa -present in Europe, Africa and Asia |
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Multiregionalism hypothesis |
did populations in each area give rise independently to modern humans |
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Out of Africa hypothesis |
did modern humans evolve in Africa and spread and areplace Homo erectus in Europe and Asia? |
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DNA evidence suggests what about modern humans that came out of Africa when? |
100,000-200,000 years |
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the coelulm is associated with |
the body cavity |
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protostomes and deuterostomes all have a coelum |
true |
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a mantle is found on what group |
mollusk |
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what size group are the mollusks |
2nd largest |
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which of the following is not an annelid |
centipede |
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which of the following is not a crustacean |
horseshoes crab |
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which of the following is not an arachnid |
millipedes |
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most of the crustaceans live in |
the ocean |
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how many pairs of legs do insects typically have |
three |
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which of the following is not a protostomes |
sand dollar |
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which of the following is not an echinoderm |
barnacle |
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the difference between protostomes and deutersotomes has to do with the difference in __________ and how the ___________ is formed |
embryonic development; mouth |
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in mollusks, the radula is used for |
feeding |
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which of the following mollusks does not have a shell |
slugs |
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clams and oysters belong to what mollusk group |
bivalves |
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what is the advantage of segmentation |
flexibility and mobility |
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what is the largest animal phylum in terms of number of species |
arthropods |
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what are 2 adaptations that have contributed to the success of arthropods |
jointed appendages, exoskeleton, segmentation, well developed nervous system, and sensory system, larva-adult |
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in insects the larval stage specializes in ________ whereas, the adult stage specializes in __________ |
feeding, breeding |
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which of the following is an extinct arthropod group |
trilobites |
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what complications for growth result from having an exoskeleton |
have to shed your skeleton to grow leaving you vulnerable |
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centipedes differ in their number of _________ and how they ___________? |
pairs of legs; feed |
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identify the main body segments of an insect |
head, thorax, abdomen |
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what is a feature of adult echinoderms taht is similiar to more primitive groups |
radial symmetry |
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what is the system by which echinoderms move |
hydraulic |
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some chordates are invertebrates |
true |
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the placoderms are |
an extinct group of armored fish |
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tunicates are mobile as adults |
false |
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tunicates and lencelets make their living as |
filter feeders |
|
|
amphibians evolved from |
lobe-finned fish |
|
|
some fish have lungs |
true |
|
|
which of the following is not a feature common to all chordates |
vertebrae |
|
|
name 2 invertebrates chordates |
lancelets and tunicates |
|
|
in vertebrates, the vertebrae become the main element that give the animal structure rather than the _____________ |
notochord |
|
|
jaws evolved from |
support for gill slits |
|
|
what structures do fish use for respiration |
gills |
|
|
what are the 2 main groups of jawless fish today |
hagfish and lamprey |
|
|
name 2 different groups of cartilaginous fish |
sharks and rays |
|
|
what vertebrate group is the most diverse |
fish |
|
|
what are 3 main subgroups of amphibians |
salamanders, toads and frogs, cecilians |
|
|
what are 2 of the main groups of present day reptiles |
turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards
|
|
|
what are 2 of the adaptations that allow reptiles to colonize dry habitats |
scaly skin, breathe with lungs, lay eggs on land, internal fertilization |
|
|
besides using their skin as a body covering, what else do amphibians use their skin for |
they breathe through their skin |
|
|
what vertebrate groups have amniote eggs |
mammals, birds, reptiles |
|
|
the characteristics that distinguish mammals from other vertebrates are |
hair and mammary glands |
|
|
the 3 groups of mammals are |
marsupials, placentals, monotreme |
|
|
the feature that is different in monotremes is that they __________ |
lay eggs |
|
|
mammals diversified about 65 million years ago after ___________ |
the extinctions of the dinasaurs |
|
|
what is our closest living relative |
chimps |
|
|
australopitheciens appeared about |
4 mya |
|
|
australopithecine fossils are found in ________ |
africa |
|
|
which feature of himnids was first to evolve |
bipedalism |
|
|
for periods of hominid history, more than 1 species of hominid lvied simultaneously |
true |
|
|
lucy was a |
australopithecine |
|
|
which of the following species came first in hominid phylogeny |
homo habilis |
|
|
neaderthals became extinct about ___________ years ago |
30,000 |
|
|
the genus homo originated in _____ |
Africa |
|
|
what are 4 features that form a unique combination in humans |
bipedal, large brain, tool use, complex language |
|
|
the earlisest hominids were |
australopithecines |
|
|
how would the multiregionalism hypothesis explain modern races of humans |
modern races evolved from local Homo erectus populations living in different regions that became Homo sapiens |
|
|
how would the "out of africa" hypothesis explain different races? |
races came from Homo sapiens populations that migrated from Africa and settled in different regions and became locally adapted and may have eliminated the Homo erectus populations that lived there |
|
|
the different major groups within kingdoms are callled |
phyla |
|
|
cephalization refers to |
location of nervous tissue |
|
|
animals with nematocysts are |
jelly fish |
|
|
animals without a nervous system |
sponges |
|
|
all the animals without an anus |
cnidarians and flatworms |
|
|
the animal group with medusa and polyp stages |
cnidarians |
|
|
the animals are extremely abundant in the soil |
nematodes |
|
|
tape worms belong to the ______ phylum |
flatworm |
|
|
which of the following does not show some cephalization |
hydra |
|
|
what are 3 terms taht in combination distinguish aniamls from other kingdoms |
mobiles, multicellular, heterotrophs |
|
|
what are some flatworms that are parasitic |
blood flukes, tapeworms |
|
|
what are some diseases caused by roundworms |
pinworm, hookworm, trichinosis, elephantiasis |
|
|
what does it mean for a parasitic animal to have a comlex life cycle |
live in several different host animal species |
