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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Does Fermetation require oxygen?
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no
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What are the two types of fermentation?
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Lactid Acid and Alcohol
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What are the prodcts of each type of fermentation?
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Lactic Acid= 2 Lactate; Alcohol= 2 Ethonal
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Do our cells ever go through fermentation? When do thy run this process?
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es; it provides an anaerobic step that recycles NADH back to NADt
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During fermentantation (after glycolsis.. which is formed?
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NAD+
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During fermentation is pyruvic acid oxidized or reduced?
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reduced; given to pyruvate
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During fermentation is htere any additional ATP formation
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no
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Which type most be be triggered by an antigen?
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acquired
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Which is ready for "action" immediately?
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Innate immunity
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Which immunity is specific?
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Aquired
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Which is nonspecific?
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Innate immunity
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What are apart of the Innate Immunity?
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Inflamation, Lysozymes, Nuetrophils, Macrophages, Low Ph of stomach, Natural killer cells, skin, infereron, and Complement proteins
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Which belong to the aquired immunity?
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T-cells, B cells, and memory cells
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Histamines cause blood vessels in the area to...?
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vasodilation or dilate
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Histamines cause blood vesels to become....
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More permeable=bigger gaps
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What are the major results of inflammation process? Good things? Bad things?
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Disinfect and clean injured tissue; many WBC die
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Before infection, where are complement proteins typically found?
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plasma
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Does interferon protect the infected cells or does it protect neighboring cells.?
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Neighboring
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What does inferon signal the cell to do?
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To make interferon molecules
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How do phagocytes protect the body? Are phagocytes white blood cells?
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Eat bacteria in the body and yes!
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Where do all blood cells come from?
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bone marrow
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Are lymphocytes white blood cells?
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yes
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T cells and B cells are what type of cell
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Lymphocytes
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Where do T cells mature? Where do B cells Mature?
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thymus; bone marrow
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Where do these cells migrate to after becoming specialized?
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blood
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Foreign protenins are known as
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antigen
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Would a HIV virus have the same antigen as a flu virus?
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no
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Which is not matched correctly w its mechanism of action involved in defense of the body?
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memory cells ----> Produce complements
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What type of immunity fights "free" antigens
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humoral
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What is the order from the nostril to alveoli?
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Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchuss, Bronchiae, Alveoli
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What is the functional unit of the respiratory system of a mammal?
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AVEOLI
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BERATING IN INHALATION IS A RESULT OF _______?
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negative pressure
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During inhalation, the diaphragm is???
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contracted
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Breathing out (exhalation) is a result of____?
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positive pressure
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During exhalation, the diaphragm is
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relaxed
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Explain how hyperventilation disrupts the control of breathing
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lack of CO2
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Our breathing conrol centers responds directly to
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Co2 levels
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Where are our breathing control centers located?
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Pons and Medulla
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What type of muscle is the diaphragm composed of?
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skeletal
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What process do gases move from alveolar air space into the blood and from blood into the interstial fluids?
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diffusion
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Which of the following has a lowest partial pressure of oxygen (lowest levels)
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Pulmonary artery
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Which of the following has the highest partial pressure (levels) of carbon dioxide?
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Pulmanary artery
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Which would have the greater partial pressure (levels) of oxygen?
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B and C would be equally high
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Which way does oxygen diffuse at the alveoli
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into the blood
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Which way does carbon dioxide diffuse at teh alveoli?
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Into the alveolar air space
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Which way does oxygen diffuse at the tissues?
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into the Interstitial fluid
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Which way does carbon dioxide diffuse at the tissues?
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into the blood
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99% of oxygen gets transported by
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hemoglobin
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60% of the Co2 gets transport by
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HC03-
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30% of teh CO2 gets transport as
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hemoglobin
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10% of teh CO2 gets transported
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dissolved in the plasma
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Explain how oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide produced at the tissues.
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CO2 produced as a waste product of cellular respiration
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A vaccine contains___?
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antigen
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What are two types of Acquired immunity?
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B-cells= are responsible for humoral immunity and T-cells= are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
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T of F.. Both T cells and B cells have receptors on their surfaces that make them specific to a certain antigen
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True
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What is the name of the cells that produce antibodies?
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plasma cells
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Is the primary immune response greater than the secondary response?
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Secondondary response is faster?
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What is teh difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
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exposure (own antibodies); you don't make it (antibodies)
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Which acts against intracellualar pathogens?
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T-cells
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Which acts against "free" antigens
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B-cells
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T or F all antibodies are proteins
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True
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T or F.. Immunoglobins are antiobodies
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True
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State 4 ways antibodies inactivate the antigen
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activation, cellular signals, and intgileukins
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Which cell releases cellular signals that stimulate other white blood cells?
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Cytoxic T Cells
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What is a MHC/ antigen complex? what cells have them? What are these needed for?
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MHC+Antigen= complex; APC and infected body cells
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HIV primarily infects_____ within the body?
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Helper T cells
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What results when HIV depletes these cells?
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more of the virus AIDS
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Autoimmune some of teh bodies own molecules
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turns against own body molecules
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Immunodeficiency disorders
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lack one or more of the components of the immune system
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Allergies are?
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sensitivities to antigens in our surroundings
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A child has to have his thymus removed at an early age. What should you be able to predict about his immune system function?
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He has a functioning innate immune system but his acquired immune system would be compromised
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would every human have the same sensation given the same enviromental stimuli?
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yes
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Would every human have the same perception given teh same environmental stimuli?
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no
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Which would tend to vary more between individuals... Sensation or perception?
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perception
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Sensory Neurons carry information____ the central nervous system
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to
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What are the names of the specific types of photorecptors found with the retina of the eye?
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rod and cone
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T or F. Light passes through many layers two layers of neurons within the retina before reaching the actual photoreceptors
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True
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T or F. Rods and Cones are teh only pigment-containing cells within the body.
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False
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How many different types of cones does a person normally have?
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3! red, blue, and green
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Rods contain_____
While cones contain______ |
rhodospin; photospin
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Where is information about light energy first integrated (processed)?
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THE retina
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What is the functional unit of the NErvous System?
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Neurons (transmit into trhough neurons and muscle cells only)
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T or F Every cell within the bgody has actoin potentials
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True
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T or F... Action potentials come in different strenghs.. some weak and some strong
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True
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What three things contribute to the change distribution across the cell membrane that is called the resting potential of a cell?
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Na+, K+, - Protein
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Fiber that carries information away fro cell body (typically one long fiber/cell)
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Axon
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houses the nucleus and it integrates processes the incoming information
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Cell body
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Fiber that receive incoming messages (typically short and numerous
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Dendrite
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Insulating material produced by Schwann cells (neuroglial cell type)
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Myelin sheath
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+30 to -70 mV (reparization)
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K+ out of cell
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-50 -70 to +30mV (depolarization)
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Na+ into cell
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Explain how information is transmitted along an axon (a nerve signal/ nerve impulse).
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move down the axon one way
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The _____ is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell.
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sensory cortex
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In a synapse, where would find neurotransmitters stored in vesicles?
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Presynaptic cell
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In a synapse, where, where would find receptors for neurotransmitters?
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Post synaptic cell
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Whcih type of synapse is more common?
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chemical
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What is electrical synapse?
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Rare (physical connection between axon and other cell
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What is chemical synapse
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Synoptic cleft; space between axon and neuron
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Neurotransmitters are only necessary in which type of synapse?
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chemical
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List 4 neurotransmitters
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serotnin, dopamine, epthephnne, and GABA
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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the ____ sheath around the axons
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Myelin
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A post synaptic potential is what happens when the recoptor___
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binds the neurotransmitter
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Which PSP causes the cell's potential to become more negative (to move awa from threshold?
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inhibitory PSP
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Does a neuron receive both excitator and inhibitory messages?
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yes
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Is it possible for a neuron to receive messages from many neurons?
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yes
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Explain the process of summation?
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1 pull, most pull= the way it goes
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CNS=
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Convergence and Divergence of information
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Drugs affect snapses in at least 4 major ways...
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Antidepresents= the removal of serotonin
Tranqulizers: activate the receptors for GABA Stimulants increase the release and availability Opiates: bind to enophin receptors |
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Decarboxylation of food occurs in which steps?
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Prep Step and CAC
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Number of NADH produced/ glucose in each step
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2
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Number of FADH2 produced/ glucose in each step?
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2
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How many ATPs produced or used?
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4
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Is this the pathway linear or circular or is there just one reaction?is cylic, Formation of acetyl CoA is_____
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1 reaction;
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oxidative phop. is
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linear
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Oxidation of food occurs during which stepps? All of them except
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OP
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What is the summary reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?
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Glucose + O2 ----> Co2 + H20
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Glycolysis occurs within the
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cytoplasm
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Formation of acetyl CoA occurs within the matrix of mitochondrion
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Citric Acid cycle occurs within the matrix
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Oxidative Phosp. occurs within the
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inner membrane
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Does glycolysis require oxygen in aerobic process?
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no
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does NAD+ have more or less energy than NADH?
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less
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Which form (NAD+ or NADH) is the reduced form of the molecule?
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NADH
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The electrons that are carried by NADH and FADH2 were originally part of the
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Glucose molecule.
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Do prodaryotic cells have mitochondria?
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no
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As electrons move from one molecule to the next in the ETC, do they lose energy or gain energy?
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lose energy
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If they lose energy, what happens to that energy?
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comes out and the O2 accepts it to fro H20
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Where is this enzyme found within a eukarotic cell?
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inner of Mitochondria
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List the folling in order from high energy content to low!
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1 glucose, 1Pyruvate, 1 Nadh, 1 ATP
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How effecient is aerobic cellular resperation?
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40%
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How many ATP molecules are produced by working muscle cell every second
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10 million
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Whtin the cell, what is this ATP used for
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Energy
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