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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fission |
separation of individual in two equal havles |
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Budding |
new individuals arise from out growths |
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Fragmentation/Regeneration |
E.g. sponges or starfish |
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Parthenogenesis |
diploid eggs are laid, sometimes meiosis followed by chromosome doubling. Sometimes by mitotically produced eggs |
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Low conc of estradiol and progesterone |
inhibits LH, FSH |
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Mid conc of estradiol and progesterone |
stimulates LH, FSH |
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High conc of estradiol and progesterone |
inhibits LH, FSH |
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Heart starts beating at |
4 wks |
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All major adult structures at |
8 wks, fetus |
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Approximately [blank] of conceptions fail to implant or miscarry |
40% |
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This has receptors for sperm attachment |
zona pellucida |
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Binding of sperm triggers the egg's release of |
cortical granules via exocytosis |
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[blank] catalyze changes in the [blank] that block [blank] by destroying sperm binding sites |
cortical enzymes, zona pellucida, polysperm |
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Earliest stage of human, 5 days after fertilization |
Blastocyst |
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Form outer layer of the blastocyst, provide nutrients |
Trophoblast |
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Follicle Cell |
Small round cells that layer the egg |
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Zona pellucida |
First layer the sperm has to get past |
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Cortical granules |
Released by egg to shut off sperm binding sites once one makes it in |
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Cleavage |
Early division of embryo before implantation, occurs as zygote/embryo descends oviduct |
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Blastomeres |
Prior to implantation. Cells get smaller, these cells as called [blank] |
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Blastocoel |
Produced during first 5 to 7 cleavages, fluid filled blastula |
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Holoblastic Cleavage |
Cell size remains nearly equal even when splitting because yolk is minor portion of egg |
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Animal (anterior) side of zygote |
Opposite of yolk |
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Vegetal (posterior) side of zygote |
Same side/contains yolk |
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Cortical Rotation |
chemical interactions between animal pole and vegetal pole after fertilization establish the dorsal ventral axis. Dorsal side is opposite sperm entry |
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Gastrulation |
changes in shape of hollow ball as cells migrate into the blastocoel |
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Ectoderm |
Epidermis of skin. Lining of mouth. Cornea and lens of eye. Nervous system. Tooth enamel. |
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Mesoderm |
Notochord. Skeletal system. Muscular system. Excretory system. Reproductive system. Dermis of skin. |
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Endoderm |
Lining of urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system. Liver. Pancreas. Thymus. Thyroid and parathyroid. |
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Organogenesis |
Germ layers develop into rudiments of organs as a result of localized shape changes in tissues and cells. Chemistry of neighborhood controls these changes. |
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Dichorionic |
two placentals |
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Diamniotic |
two amnions |
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Monochorionic |
one placenta |
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Monoamniotic |
one amnion |
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Chorion |
surrounds embryo and other membranes, gas exchange |
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Amnion |
protects embryo with fluid filled sac |
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Yolk sac |
provides nutrients until hatching or becomes part of umbilical cord |
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Allantois |
disposes wastes, gas exchange, same function as part of umbilical cord. |
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Behavioral Ecology |
combo of Ecology and Evolution |
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Sociobiology |
Study of human ecology |
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Ethology |
how/why animals behave |
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Fixed action patterens |
stimulus triggers a fixed unalterable response |
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Kinesis |
increases or decreases movement associated with a particular condition |
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Taxis |
oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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Circadian |
daily cycles triggering behavior |
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Cirannual |
day length stimulus for certain bird migrations |
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Lunar Cycle |
moon cycle determines |
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Altruism |
behavior that reduces individual fitness but increases the fitness of others |
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Individual Fitness |
parent sacrificing for offspring increases the fitness of parent |
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Inclusive Fitness |
helping close relatives cost/benefit analysis |
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Autoecology |
single individuals and their habits |
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Poplulation |
group of same species |
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Community |
group of populations and their interactions |
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Ecosystem ecology |
communities in an area, focusing on energy flow and recyclying |
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Landscape ecology |
a mosaic of ecosystems over a given area |
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Biomes |
over large geographic areas with similar climate and landscape elements |
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Ecological progression |
Niche --- Habitat --- Landscape --- Ecosystem --- Biome |
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Coriolis effect |
Wind patterns that are affected by the earth's rotation on it's axis |
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Orographic effects |
How mountains affect precipitation by shielding one side |
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Intertidal zone |
Exposed to air twice a day at high and low tide. Right at the beach |
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Pelagic |
all underwater, between surface and bottom |
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Benthic |
Seafloor bottom. Conditions vary by depth. |
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Pond |
No temp stratification. |
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Lake |
Has temp stratification |
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Eutrophic |
Minerals and nutrients are present in the water. |
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Oligotrophic |
No minerals or nutrients are present in the water. |
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Allocthonous Energy Base |
Relies on the surrounding ecosystem to give it energy. Eg leaves falling from trees into stream. |
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Autocthonous Energy Base |
River provides its own energy. Does not rely on surroundings. |
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Swamps |
Trees growing in them. Anchored in water. |
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Marshes |
non-woody vegetation. |
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Bogs |
Mixed open water and edge species. Acidic, peat, moss. |
