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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology
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the scientific study of the interaction of organisms with their living and nonliving environments
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population
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the individuals of a same species within a given area at the same time
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population structure
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the distribution of the ages of individulas in a population and the way those individuals are distributed over the environment
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population density
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the # of individulas of a species per unit (or volume)
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How is pop. density measured on land?
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individulas per unit area
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How is pop. density measured in water?
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individulas per unit volume
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demography
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the study of birth, death, and movement rates that give rise to population dynamics
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N1=No+B-D+I-E
N1=? |
# of individuals at time 1
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N1=No+B-D+I-E
No=? |
# of individuals at time 0
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N1=No+B-D+I-E
B=? |
# of individulas born
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N1=No+B-D+I-E
D=? |
# of individuals died
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N1=No+B-D+I-E
I=? |
# of individuals that immigrated
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N1=No+B-D+I-E
E=? |
# of individuals that emigrated
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mutalism (+/+)
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both participants benefit from an interaction
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commenalism (+/0)
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one participant is benefited but one participant remains unaffected
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amensalism (0/-)
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one participant is harmed but the other is unaffected
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predator-prey and parasite-host(+/-)
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one organism may benefit while harming another organism
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competition (-/-)
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two organisms use the smae resources and those resources are insufficent for their combined needs
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what factors influence pop. density?
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1. abundant resources
2. size of individuals 3. newly introduced invasive species 4. complex social organizations |
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∆N/∆t=(b-d)N
∆N=? |
the change in the # of individuals/pop.size
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∆N/∆t=(b-d)N
∆t=? |
the change in time
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∆N/∆t=(b-d)N
b=? |
the average per capita rate (both births and immigrations)
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∆N/∆t=(b-d)N
d=? |
the average per capita death rate (includes both deaths and emigrations)
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∆N/∆t=(b-d)N
N=? |
population size
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K=?
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carrying capacity of the environment
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exoskeleton
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nonliving covering that provides an animal with both protection and support
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chitin
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layers of protein and a strong, flexible, waterproof polysaccharide
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phylum Hexapoda
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the insects
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metamorphosis
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A substantial change that occurs between one developmental stage and another
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instars
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The immature stages of insects between molts
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incomplete metamorphosis
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the changes between its instars are gradual
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complete metamorphosis
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the larval and adult forms appear to be completely different animals
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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Although the consequences of various kinds of disturbances are highly variable, their results conform to a general pattern
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net primary production
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The energy available to organisms that eat plants
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ecological succession
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A change in community composition following a disturbance
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gross primary productivity
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The rate at which energy is incorporated into the bodies of photosynthetic organisms
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trophic levels
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Divisions of organisms in a community based on the way in which they obtain their energy
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species richness
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The number of species living in a community
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ecological community
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The species that live and interact in an area
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Gross primary productivity
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the rate at which energy is incorporated into the bodies of photosynthetic organisms
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primary production
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the energy that is incorporated into the bodies of photosynthetic organisms
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net primary
production |
The energy available
to organisms that eat plants, gross primary production minus the energy expended by the plants on their respiration |
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competitive exclusion
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interspecific competition becomes more intense
when productivity is higher |
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autotrophs
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Photosynthetic plants that get their energy directly
from sunlight. Collectively, they constitute a trophic level called photosynthesizers, or primary producers. They produce the energy-rich organic molecules that nearly all other organisms consume. |
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heterotrophs
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all nonphotosynthetic organisms that consume, either directly or indirectly,
the energy-rich organic molecules produced by primary producers. |
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herbivores or primary consumers
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Organisms that eat plants and constitute a trophic level
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secondary consumers
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Organisms that eat herbivores
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detritivores or decomposers
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Organisms that eat the dead bodies of organisms or their
waste products |
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omnivores
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Organisms
that obtain their food from both primary producers and another trophic level are |
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food chain
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Asequence of interactions in which a plant is eaten by an
herbivore, which is in turn eaten by a secondary consumer, and so on |
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food web
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an interconnection of food chains
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energy pyramids
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To show how energy decreases as
it flows from lower to higher trophic levels |
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biomass
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the amount of living
matter at each trophic level |
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biomass pyramids
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To show the biomass
of organisms existing at different trophic levels, illustrates the amount of biomass that is available at a given time for organisms at the next trophic level |
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keystone species
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Species whose influences on ecosystems are greater than
would be expected on the basis of their abundance, may influence both the species richness of communities and the flow of energy and materials through ecosystems |
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disturbance
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an event that changes the survival rate of one
or more species in an ecological community |
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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explains the low species richness in areas with high disturbance
levels by suggesting that only species with great dispersal abilities and rapid reproductive rates can persist in such areas. Conversely, the hypothesis explains the decline in species richness where disturbance levels are low by suggesting that competitively dominant species displace other species |
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moraines
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what The melting and
retreating of a glacier leaves, a series of gravel deposits formed where the glacial front was stationary for a number of years |
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A primary succession
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begins on sites that lack living organisms
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A secondary
succession |
begins on sites where some organisms have
survived the most recent disturbance |
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emigration
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movement
of individuals out of the area |
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immigration
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movement
of individuals into the area |
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exponential growth
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If births and deaths
occur continuously and at constant rates, a graph of the population size over time forms a continuous, J-shaped curve |
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logistic growth
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Because of environmental limits, the growth of a population
typically slows down as its density approaches the environmental carrying capacity. Agraph of the population size over time results in an S-shaped curve |
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densitydependent
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per capita birth and death rates change
in response to population density |
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density-independent
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Factors that change per capita birth and death
rates in a population independently of its density |
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Molting
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The process of shedding part or all of an outer covering
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Fragmented habitat
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Habitat patches that have become smaller and more isolated due to the destruction of larger habitats by human activities
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ecosystem
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The species that form an ecological community, together with the physical environment
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rescue effect
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The population as a whole consists of numerous subpopulations confined to suitable habitats and maintained by immigration of individuals between populations
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