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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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shared derived characters of fungi
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-multicellular
-chemoheterotrophic (absorption) -store energy as sugar alcohols -chitin cell walls -grow w/ hyphae -septate or aseptate |
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fungi nutrition
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chemoheterotrophic using absorption (release hydrolytic exoenzymes to break down food and digest)
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mycellium & hyphae
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mycellium is a collection of hyphae; the entire body of a fungi. hyphae is long tubular extensions of fungi.
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septate vs. aseptate hyphae
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septate hyphae have a separation b/w cells, while aseptate is one continuous cell.
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haustoria (fungi)
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hyphae used in mutualistic and parasitic fungi; specialized to penetrate cell walls
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mycorrhizal fungi
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mycorrhizal fungi have mutualistic relationships with plants. the fungi benefit because they get sucrose for food energy and the plants benefit because they gain surface area.
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plasmogamy & karyogamy
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plasmogamy is the fusing of the cell membranes and cytoplasm of haploid cells. karyogamy is the fusing of cells, creating a cell w/ 2 nuclei.
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what do spores grow into in fungi?
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spores in fungi grow into hyphae or mycelium
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mitospores & meiospores
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mitospores are spores produced through mitosis of the sporangium in asexual reproduction. meiospores are spores produced through meiosis of the zygote in sexual reproduction.
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what are molds?
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mold is a general term for the fast-growing asexual stage of fungi.
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what is used to separate the phyla of fungi?
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the phyla in fungi are generally separated by their reproductive life cycles.
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what clade are fungi in?
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fungi are in the clade metazoa, which includes animals and other flagellated protists.
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what are some parasitic fungi?
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some grow inside insects. dentrobatidis and ptihomyces chartarum.
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ecological roles of fungi
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fungi are decomposers for the environment. they do fermentation. they're used in antibiotics, dairy products, and biotechnology.
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what clade are animals in? what is a clade or monophyletic group?
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animals are in the clade metazoa. a clade or monophyletic group is a group that is evolutionarily related and belongs in one kingdom.
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general characteristics of animals
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-multicellular
-same sexual life cycles -lack cell walls -form tissues -have digestive systems -have hox genes |
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development stages in animals
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zygote produces sperm or egg through meiosis. fertilization occurs. (2n) zygote forms, then goes through mitosis and development and becomes an adult. some have a larval stage in development.
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what is collagen?
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collagen is the main protein that animal cells use for support.
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extracellular matrix
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when cells get structure from proteins outside of the cells.
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parts of gastrula (ectoderm, gastrodermis, archenteron, blastopore)
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ectoderm is the epidermis. gastroderm is the endoderm or inner layer. archenteron is the middle cavity. the blastopore is the opening at the bottom of the archenteron.
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when did animals first evolve? when did most diversity occur? why?
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animals first evolved about 775 million years ago. most diversity came from the cambrian explosion during the cambrian era. this could have been due to environmental changes.
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what is the closest living ancestor of animals?
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charophyceans are the closest living relative. they are in the clade metazoa.
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steps in animal evolution
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body plans
formation of tissue symmetry body cavity |
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what is true tissue?
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true tissue is a collection of specialized cells.
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parazoans vs. metazoans
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parazoans have no tissue, while metazoans do.
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radial symmetry: how many tissue layers? what types of animals are radial symmetrical?
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most animals w/ radial symmetry are immobile. they can be divided any way. they have 2 tissue layers (diploblastic).
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bilateral symmetry: how many tissue layers? what types of animals have bilateral symmetry? what is special about the anterior end?
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they have 3 tissue layers (triploblastic). most animals w/ this symmetry have a posterior and anterior end. the anterior end guides the animal.
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what is a body cavity and what are its functions? what are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate?
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a body cavity is a fluid or air-filled space inside the body that protects the organs, it's called a coelom. acoelomate have no coelom. pseudocoelomate have a coelom but not a true one. coelomate have a true coelom.
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what is a hydrostatic skeleton?
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a hydrostatic skeleton is a water skeleton for muscles to push against.
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how are animals classified?
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animals are separated by their coeloms.
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protostomes vs. deuterostomes
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protostomes have a blastopore that develops into a mouth, spiral determinate cleavage, coelom develops from mesoderm splitting from the endoderm. deuterostomes have a blastopore that develops into an anus, have radial determinate cleavage, and the coelom develops from folds in the archeteron that form the mesoderm and coelom.
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ecdysozoans & lophotrochozoans
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ecdysozoans have an outer non-cellular cuticle and shed their outer layer to grow. lophotrochozoans don't shed their outer layer and have a special larval stage and specialized feeding structure around their mouth.
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macroevolution & microevolution
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macroevolution is evolution on a larger scale. microevolution is change in a species and contributes to macroevolution.
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what is reproductive isolation?
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reproductive isolation is when a species needs to break off and reproduce independently from their parent population because of some barrier that is forbidding them to reproduce fertile and viable offspring with their original population. this is how new species are formed.
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prezygotic barrier
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a prezygotic barrier is a barrier that prevents the egg from becoming a fertilized zygote
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5 types of prezygotic barriers
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habitat: animals live in different areas
temporal: reproduce at different times, days, seasons, etc. behavioral: based on sexual preference, courtship, attraction, etc. mechanical: parts physically won't work together gametic: egg and sperm come into contact but won't fuse properly. |
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what are post-zygotic barriers?
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post-zygotic barriers are barriers that stop a new species from forming after the zygote is fertilized.
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3 types of post-zygotic barriers
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reduced hybrid fertility: hybrid offspring are infertile
reduced hybrid viability: hybrids don't live long enough to reach sexual maturity hybrid breakdown: one generation may be viable and fertile, but future generations may not |
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what is speciation? what conditions are favorable to speciation?
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speciation is the formation of a new species. favorable conditions are pre/post-zygotic barriers.
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what is allopatric speciation?
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allopatric speciation is when 2 populations are separated geographically, causing reproductive isolation.
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what is sympatric speciation? examples?
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sympatric speciation is when there is no geographic barrier, but speciation still occurs. this is due to a change in chromosome numbers (more likely in plants) - autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy.
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autopolyploidy vs. allopolyploidy
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autopolyploidy: duplication of chromosomes occurring in one original species (due to nondisjunction in meiosis, or if plants self fertilize or mate w/ another plant that also had nondisjunction)
allopolyploidy: when two species w/ different chromosome numbers form a new species that has different chromosome numbers than the parents. **new species must be reproductively isolated from their parent population to create a new species and must be fertile and viable** |
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3 possible outcomes of hybrid zones
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1. reinforcement: strengthening of reproductive barriers.
2. fusion: weakening of reproductive barriers. 3. stability: continued formation of hybrid species. |
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when was the universe formed? what process formed the universe?
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the universe was formed 14 billion years ago by the big bang theory.
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when was the earth formed?
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the earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago.
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what was earth's original atmosphere like and how was it different from today's?
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the earth's original atmosphere was very hot and lacked oxygen - it mainly consisted of greenhouse gases.
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how has earth changed since it was formed? why is this important?
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since earth was first formed, the climate has changed significantly due to volcanic activity and general climate change. there was once a glacial period. also, plate tectonics caused the splitting of pangea and also continental plates are thought to always be moving. this is all important because it shows us how earth is constantly changing, thus species and life are also constantly changing.
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what is plate tectonics? how does it relate to natural selection?
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plate tectonics is the drifting of continental plates. it causes geographical barriers (formation of lakes and oceans) between species, thus creating more new species.
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how is radioisotope dating used to calculate ages? what is a half-life?
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radioisotope dating is used by measuring the amount of the original radioisotope remaining compared to the amount of the decay product. the half-life is how long it takes for half of the existing radioisotope to turn into decay product. using the measured amounts and the half-life, we can determine how long the radioisotope has been decaying.
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4 stages in which simple cells were created
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1. formation of simple organic monomers from inorganic matter
2. formation of organic polymers (not using bio) 3. formation of protocells (simple metabolism, some type of membrane) 4. self-replication (RNA - genetic material w/ enzyme functions, chemical selection) |
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how was organic matter produced from inorganic matter?
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in a reducing environment (by adding electrons)
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what was the Stanley Urey experiment? what are the hypotheses that explain this?
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Stanley was able to synthesize organic matter from inorganic matter. the original hypothesis was that the atmosphere was reducing, but this is doubted now. the new hypothesis is that this occurred at hydrothermal vents. another hypothesis is that it came from outer space.
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how were more complex polymers thought to be made from "prebiotic soup"?
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when water producing simple monomers fell onto hot clay, causing a reaction (not biological)
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what is a protocell/protobiont?
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a protocell/protobiont is
1. separated from the outer environment by some type of membrane 2. there is a collection of organic matter inside the membrane at a higher concentration 3. has a simple metabolism |
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what was the first genetic material? why? what is chemical selection and how did it work?
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the first genetic material was RNA. this was because it was genetic material that also had enzyme functions. chemical selection is reproduction by chemicals, where natural selection has no influence.
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when did the first prokaryotes originate? eukaryotes? multicellular organisms?
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prokaryotes: 3.5 billion years ago
eukaryotes: 2.1 billion years ago multicellular organisms: 1.5 billion years ago |
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how many major extinctions have there been?
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there have been 5 major extinctions, and a 6th may be taking place today.
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2 major mass extinctions we discussed + details
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1. permian: about 250 mil y/a, time of extreme volcanic activity and Pangea was splitting, climate was warming + lots of greenhouse gases were being released. oxygen levels in the ocean lowered and 96% of ocean species went extinct.
2. cretaceous: about 65 mil y/a, a meteor impact caused a climate change, which wiped out the dinosaurs. (also called "K-T boundary") |
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how do changes in developmental genes lead to natural selection?
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this changes the rates of development of parts (causing changes in morphology) and can also change the spatial pattern development of a body plan. those that are favorable will live on and be reproduced, while the less favorable body plans/part developments will die out eventually.
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what is allometric growth? what is heterochrony? what is padeomorphosis?
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allometric growth: the growth of a body part in relation to the entire body of the animal.
heterochrony: developmental change in the timing of events, therefore changing the shapes and sizes of parts. padeomorphosis: when reproductive parts mature more quickly than the body, leading to sexually mature organisms with juvenile morphological features. |
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what are homeotic genes? what are hox genes?
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homeotic genes: the genes that control spatial patterns (whether they're expressed or not).hox genes: homeotic genes in animals.
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