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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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Form
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Physiology
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Function
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MICROscopic Anatomy
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Cytology, Histology |
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Gross (MACROscopic) Anatomy
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Systemic, Regional, Surface, Comparative, Embryology
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Properties of Life (6)
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Metabolism Growth and Development Responsiveness Regulation Reproduction |
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The Body's Levels of Organization (6)
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Cellular Level ---> Cells Tissue Level ---> Epithelial, Connective Tissue Organ Level ---> Small Intestine Organ System Level Organismal Level |
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Coronal Section
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any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections |
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Transverse Section
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an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Midsagittal Section (Sagittal)
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divides the body into right and left halves
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Anterior Relative to front (belly side) or back of the body |
Example. the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord |
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Posterior
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in back of; toward the back surface Example. the heart is posterior to the sternum |
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Dorsal
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Example. the spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body |
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Ventral |
Example. the umbilicus (navel, belly button) is on the ventral side of the body |
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Relative to the head or bottom of the body |
Example. the chest is superior to the pelvis |
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Inferior
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Example. the stomach is inferior to the heart |
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Cranial (Cephalic) |
Example. the shoulders are cranial to the feet |
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Caudal (Imagine a mammal on all fours) |
at the rear or tail end Example. the buttocks are caudal to the head |
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(Imagine a mammal on all fours) |
Example. the eyes are rostral to the back of the head |
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Medial Relative to the midline or center of the body |
Example. the lungs are medial to the shoulders |
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Lateral |
away from the midline of the body Example. the arms are lateral to the heart |
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Deep |
on the inside, internal to another structure Example. the heart is deep to the rib cage |
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Superficial
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Example. the skin is superficial to the biceps brachii muscle |
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Relative to point of attachment of appendage |
Example. the elbow is proximal to the hand |
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Distal |
Example. the wrist is distal to the elbow |
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Integumentary System
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provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss |
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Skeletal System |
provides support and protection, site of hemopolesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments |
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Muscular System |
produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
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Nervous System |
also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory |
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Endocrine System |
consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, which regulate development, growth and metabolism; maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproduction |
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Cardiovascular System |
consists of the heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products |
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Lymphatic System |
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Respiratory System |
responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs |
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Urinary System |
filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body |
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Digestive System |
mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products |
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Male Reproductive System
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produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (e.g., testosterone), transfers sperm to the female |
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Female Reproductive System |
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn |
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Abdominal |
region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones |
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Antebrachial
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forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist) |
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Antecubital |
region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region |
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Auricular |
visible surface structures of the ear |
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Axillary |
armpit
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Brachial |
arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow) |
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Buccal |
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Calcaneal |
heel of the foot |
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Carpal |
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Cephalic |
head |
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Cervical |
neck |
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Coxal |
hip
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Cranial
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skull |
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Crural
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leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle) |
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Deltoid
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shoulder |
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Digital |
fingers or toes (also called phalangeal) |
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Dorsal / Dorsum |
back |
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Facial |
face |
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femoral |
thigh |
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Fibular |
lateral aspect of the leg |
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Frontal |
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Gluteal |
buttock |
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Hallux |
great toe |
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Inguinal |
groin (sometimes used to indicate the crease or junction of the thigh with the trunk) |
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Lumbar |
relating to the loins, or the inferior part of the back and sides, between the ribs and pelvis |
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Mammary |
breast |
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Manus |
hand |
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Mental |
chin |
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Nasal |
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Occipital
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posterior aspect of the head |
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Olecranal |
posterior aspect of the elbow |
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Oral |
mouth |
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Orbital |
eye |
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Palmar |
palm (anterior surface) of the hand |
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Patellar |
kneecap |
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Pectoral |
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Pelvic |
pelvis |
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Perineal |
diamond shaped region between the legs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs |
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Pes
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foot |
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Plantar |
sole of the foot |
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Pollex |
thumb |
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Popliteal
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area posterior to the knee |
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Pubic |
anterior region of the pelvis |
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Radial
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lateral (thumb side) aspect of the forearm |
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Sacral
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posterior region between the hip bones |
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Scapular |
shoulder blade |
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Sternal |
anterior middle region of the thorax |
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Sural |
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Tarsal |
ankle, root of the foot |
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Thoracic |
chest or thorax |
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Tibial |
medial aspect of the leg |
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Ulnar |
medial aspect of the forearm |
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Umbilical |
navel
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Vertebrak
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spinal column |
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Abdominopelvic Regions |
Hypochondriac Hypochondriac
Rt. Lumbar Umbilical Lt. Lumbar Rt. Iliac Hypogastric Lt. Iliac |
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants |
Rt. Lower Left Lower |
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Tissue Types (4)
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2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues
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Cellularity Polarity Attachment to a basement membrane Avascularity - having few or no blood vessels Extensive innervation High regeneration capacity |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium Structure |
single layer of thin, flat cells resembling irregular floor tiles; the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium Function |
rapid diffusion, filtration, and some secretion in serous membranes
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Simple Squamous Epithelium Location |
air sacs in lungs (alveoli); lining of lumen of lymph vessels and blood vessels (endothelium); serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium) |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Structure |
single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide; spherical and centrally located nucleus |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function |
absorption and secretion |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location |
kidney tubules; ducts and secretory regions of most glands; surface of ovary; thyroid gland follicles |
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Structure |
single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cells may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin |
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Function |
absorption and secretion; secretion of mucin |
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Location |
lining of most of digestive tract |
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Structure |
single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; may contain goblet cells
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Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Function |
secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube
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Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Location |
larger bronchioles of respiratory tract and lining of uterine tubes |
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Structure |
single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical surface; ciliated form has goblet cells and cilia, nonciliated form lacks goblet cells and cilia
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Ciliated and Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Function |
protection; ciliated form also involved in movement of mucus across surface by ciliary action |
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Ciliated and Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Location |
ciliated form lines larger airways of respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi; nonciliated form is rare -- lines part of the male urethra and epididymis |
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Structure |
multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, while apical (superficial) cells are squamous; superficial cells are alive and kept moist
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Function |
protection of underlying tissue |
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Location |
lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, lining of vagina, and anus |
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Structure |
multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical cells are squamous apical cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin
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Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function |
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Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location |
epidermis of skin |
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Structure |
two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are about as tall as they are wide
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Function |
protection and secretion |
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Location |
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Structure |
two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are taller than they are wide |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium Function |
protection and secretion |
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Location |
large ducts of salivary glands and in membranous part of male urethra |
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Structure |
epithelia, appearance varies, depending upon whether tissue is stretched or relaxed; relaxed epithelium has polyhedral, rounded cells at the apical surface, while distended epithelium has flattened cells at the apical surface; some cells are binucleated |
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Transitional Epithelium Function |
distension (stretching) and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra |
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Transitional Epithelium Location |
lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra |
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Exocrine Gland
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glands that secrete their products into ducts; counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream
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3 Components of Connective Tissue
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2. Protein Fibers 3. Resident Cells |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue Mesenchyme Structure |
ground substance in a viscous fluid with some immature protein fibers; mesenchymal cells are stellate or spindle-shaped
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Embryonic Connective Tissue Mesenchyme Function |
common origin for all other connective tissue types |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue Mesenchyme Location |
throughout the body of the embryo and fetus |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue Mucous Connective Tissue Structure |
mesenchymal cells scattered within a viscous ground substance immature protein fibers are more abundant here than in mesenchyme |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue Mucous Connective Tissue Function |
support of structures in umbilical cord |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue Mucous Connective Tissue Location |
umbilical cord of fetus |
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Common Origin (Mesenchyme)
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I. Connective Tissue Proper II. Supporting Connective Tissue III. Fluid Connective Tissue |
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I. Connective Tissue Proper
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2. Dense Connective Tissue - more fibers, less ground substance |
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1. Loose Connective Tissue |
B. Adipose C. Reticular |
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2. Dense Connective Tissue
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B. Irregular C. Elastic |
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II. Supporting Connective Tissue |
2. Bone - solid matrix |
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1. Cartilage |
B. Fibrocartilage C. Elastic |
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2. Bone
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B. Spongy |
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III. Fluid Connective Tissue |
1. Blood 2. Lymph |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Structure |
abundant, viscous ground substance; scattered fibroblasts; many blood vessels |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Function |
protects tissues and organs; binds some epithelia to deeper tissue |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Location |
papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerves, and blood vessels |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue Structure |
closely packed adipocytes; nucleus pushed to edge of cell by large fat droplet |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue Function |
stores energy; insulates, cushions, and protects |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue Location |
subcutaneous layer; surrounds and covers some organs |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue Structure |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue Function |
provides stroma (supportive framework) to lymphatic organs |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Conn. Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue |
spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Dense Regular Connective Tissue Structure |
densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers; scarce ground substance; greatly reduced blood supply |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Dense Regular Connective Tissue Function |
attaches bone to bone (ligament); as well as muscle to bone (tendon); resists stress applied in one direction |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Dense Regular Connective Tissue Location |
tendons, ligaments |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Structure |
collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood supply |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Function |
withstands stresses applied in all directions; durable |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Location |
most of the dermis of skin; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage, some organ capsules |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Elastic Connective Tissue Structure |
predominantly composed of elastic fibers; fibroblasts occupy some spaces between fibers |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Elastic Connective Tissue Function |
allows for stretching and recoil |
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Conn. Tissue Elastic Connective Tissue Location |
walls of elastic arteries (such as the aorta), trachea, vocal cords; suspensory ligament of penis |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Structure |
glassy-appearing matrix; sparsely arranged chondrocytes in lacunae; usually covered by perichondrium |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Function |
forms most of fetal skeleton; provides support |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Location |
tip of nose; trachea; most of larynx, costal cartilage; articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skeleton |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Fibrocartilage Structure |
readily visible, numerous parallel collagen fibers; large chondrocytes in lacunae; no perichondrium |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Fibrocartilage Function |
resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Fibrocartilage Location |
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Structure |
abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; chondrocytes in lacunae; perichondrium |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Function |
maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility |
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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Location |
external ear; epiglottis of larynx |
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Supportive Connective Tissue: Bone Structure |
calcified extracellular matrix containing osteocytes trapped in lacunae; compact bone arranged in osteons (concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal); spongy bone is a meshwork that has a different organization from compact bone |
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Supportive Connective Tissue: Bone Function |
provides levers for body movement, supports soft structures, protects organs, stores calcium and phosphorus; spongy bone contains hemopoetic tissue and is the site for hemopoesis |
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Location |
bones of the body |
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Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood Structure |
contains formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets); dissolved protein and a liquid ground substance called plasma |
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Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood Function |
erythrocytes transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide); leukocytes help initiate and control the immune response; and platelets help with blood clotting; dissolved protein fibers will coalesce and help with blood clotting when needed; plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body |
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Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood Location |
primarily within blood vessels and in the heart; leukocytes also located in lymphatic structures and organs, and can migrate to infected or inflamed tissues of the body
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure and Characteristics |
long, cylindrical, striated fibers (cells) arranged parallel and unbranched; fibers are multinucleated; fiber is under voluntary control |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function |
primarily responsible for moving skeleton and selected other components of the body |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue Location |
attaches to bones or sometimes to skin (e.g., facial muscles) |
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Structure and Characteristics |
short, striated cells typically branching; cells contain one or two centrally located nuclei; intercalated discs between cells; under involuntary control |
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Function |
pumps blood through heart |
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Location |
heart wall (myocardium) |
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Structure and Characteristics |
nonstriated cells that are short and fusiform in shape; contain one centrally located nucleus; under involuntary control
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Function |
moves and propels materials through internal organs |
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Function |
moves and propels materials through internal organs |
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Location |
walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels |
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Nervous Tissue Structure |
contains neurons, which have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon that extend from the cell body; also contains glial cells which lack the processes seen in neurons |
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Glial Cells
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non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
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Function |
neurons receive, send, and process nerve impulses while glial cells help support, protect, and nourish neurons |
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Nervous Tissue Location |
brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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Integument: Epidermis
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Stratum Lucidum Stratum Gransulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale |
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Stratum Corneum
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most superficial layer of epidermis; 20 - 30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes |
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Stratum Lucidum
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2 - 3 layers of anucleate, dead cells; seen only in thick skin (e.g., palms of hands, soles of feet) |
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Stratum Granulosum
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3 - 5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct granules in cytoplasm; keratinization begins in this layer |
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Stratum Spinosum
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several layers of keratinocytes attached to neighbors by desmosomes; epidermal dendrite cells present |
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Stratum Basale
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deepest, single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells in contact with basement membrane; mitosis occurs here; contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells |
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Integument: Dermis
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Reticular Layer |
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Papillary Layer
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more superficial layer of dermis; composed of areolar connective tissue; forms dermal papillae |
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Reticular Layer
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deeper layer of dermis; dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands, nerves, and blood vessels |
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Subcutaneous Layer
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no specific layers; not considered part of the integument; deep to dermis; composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue
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