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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enzymes that are secreted as inactive proteins are known as _____
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Zymogens
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A hormone produced by enteroendocrine G cells that stimulates stomach activity is known as ______
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Gastrin
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______ is a wave of muscular contraction within the esophagus
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Peristalsis
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The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called _____
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Gastroenterology
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Which hormone are produced by the digestive tract?
A. Histamine B. Pepsin C. Gastrin D. Secretin |
C. Gastrin
D. Secretin |
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List in order the passage of bile from its point of secretion in the liver to the duodenum
A. Hepatic Ducts B. Bile Ductules C. Bile Canaliculi D. Bile Duct E. Common Hepatic Duct |
C, B, A, E, D
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_____ is the enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose into two glucose
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Maltase
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The enzyme _____ _____ begins starch digestion in the mouth
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salivary amylase
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What are the components of gastric juice?
A. Hydrochloric Acid B. Water C. Bicarbonate D. Pepsin E. Lipase |
A, B, D, E
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The mucosa of the large intestine has ____ _____ epithelium
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Simple Columnar
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The _____ of a tooth is the point where the crown, root, and gum meet
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neck
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List the pancreatic zymogens:
A. chymotrypsinogen B. procarboxypeptidase C. trypsin D. carboxypeptidase E. trypsinogen F. chymotrypsin |
A, B, E
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The ______ are small projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for greater absorption.
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villi
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Digestive cells found on the surface of the absorptive cells are called ______ ______ enzymes
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brush border
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The primary secretion of the large intestinal crypts is:
A. Mucus B. Bacterial Enzymes C. Digestive Enzymes |
A
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Gastric activity is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach during the ____ phase of gastric function
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Gastric
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The enzyme _____ digests fat
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Lipase
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The _____ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach
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Pancreas
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The _____ phase of swallowing is involuntary.
A. Pharyngoesophogeal B. Buccal |
Pharyingoesophogeal
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The _____ are paired nuclei in the medulla oblongata that control the act of swallowing.
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Swallowing Center
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The _____ cells in the gastric glands secrete hormones and paracrines that aid in digestion
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enteroendocrine
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______ is an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls
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Lysozyme
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The final product of starch digestion is ____
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Glucose
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The enzyme _____ begins digestion of protein in the stomach.
A. Lipase B. Amylase C. Pepsin |
C
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The _____ secreted in saliva is an enzyme that kills bacteria.
A. Salivary Amylase B. Lingual Lipase C. Lysozyme |
Lysozyme
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The condition called ____ disease involves the inflammation of the intestines, with granular lesions and fibrosis of the intestine
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Crohn
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Gastric secretion in response to the sight, smell, or thought of food occurs during the _____ phase of gastric function
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Cephalic
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The branch of the aorta supplying blood to the stomach is the _____ trunk
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Celiac
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_____ reflexes act through the autonomic nerves
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Long
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The ______ salivary glands are dispersed among the oral tissues
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Intrinsic
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Minerals in the diet are absorbed from the _____ _____
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Small Instestine
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Vitamin _____ is so large it can only be absorbed if it binds to intrinsic factor produced by the stomach
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B-12
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The _____ nuclei of the brainstem receives signals from tactile, pressure, and taste receptors in the mouth that are stimulated by food
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Salivatory
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The _____ colon is the portion of the large intestine found on the left side of the abdominal cavity
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Descending
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Name the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach.
A. Longitudinal B. Oblique C. Circular D. Oblong E. Horizontal |
A,B,C
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List the enzymes that decompose nucleotides into phosphate ions, pentose sugars, and nitrogenous bases.
A. Phosphatase B. Nuclease C. Carboxypeptidase D. Aminopeptidase E. Nucleosidase |
A, E
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The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids to nucleotides are called ______
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Nucleases
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A serous membrane that suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall is known as the ______
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Mesentary
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The muscular band that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the _____ sphincter
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Pyloric
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In order to improve fat digestion, large fat globules must first be dispersed into smaller droplets, a process called _____
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emulsification
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The _____ is a fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding the pharynx, most of the esophagus, and rectum
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adventitia
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The term _____ is used to specify the part of the large intestine between the ileocecal junction and the rectum
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Colon
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The hormone _____ is secreted by the small intestine in response to the acidic chyme
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Secretin
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The tongue muscles that originate outside of the tongue but acting upon is are called _____ muscles
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Extrinsic
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Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, or triglyceride is known as a ______
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Macromolecular
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The term _____ means referring to the small intestines
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enteric
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The ____ is the medial fold that attaches each lip to the gum
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Labial Frenulum
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_____ reflexes act through the autonomic nerves
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Long
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A tissue layer that forms the inner lining of an anatomical tract that is open to the exterior of the body is a _____
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mucosa
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The vagus and enteric nerves release ______ which signals pancreatic acini to secrete their enzymes
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Acetylcholine
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Intestinal crypts secrete intestinal juice in response to____; _____ _____
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Acid; hypertonic chyme
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The two networks of the enteric nervous system are known as the _____ plexus and the _____ plexus
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myenteric; submucosa
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_____ reflexes involve the myenteric nerve plexus
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Short
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The ____ ions of stomach acid arise from the dissociation of carbonic acid in parietal cells
A. Chloride B. Hydrogen |
Hydrogen
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The _____ of the crown of the tooth is occupied by pulp
A. Pulp Cavity B. Pulp Cusp C. Root Canal |
A
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The _____ phase of swallowing is involuntary
A. Pharyngoesophageal B. Buccal |
A
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The pharyngeal _____ are circular muscles located in the pharynx that force food downward during swallowing
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Constrictors
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Within the muscularis externa, the ____ layer is outermost
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Longitudinal
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Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are found in the _____ of a tooth
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Pulp
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_____ is another name for the act of swallowing
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Deglutition
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The distension of the duodenal wall initiates motility of the colon via the _____ reflex.
A. Iliogastric B. Duodenocolic C. Gastroilial D. Gastrocolic |
B
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What is the name of the muscular activity consisting of successive overlapping waves of contraction that move the chyme toward the colon?
A. Gastroilial reflex B. Segmentation C. Migrating Motor Complex |
C
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A form of segmentation that occurs in the large intestine is called a _____ contraction
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haustral
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The space between the tooth and the gum is known as the _____ sulcus
A. Gingival B. Alveolar C. Terminal |
A
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The ______ defecation reflex is the spinal reflex that increases peristalsis in the colon and relaxes the internal anal sphincter
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parasympathetic
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The ______ reflex is triggered by food in the stomach; it enhances segmentation of the ilium and relaxes the valves
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gastroileal
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The stimulation for the defecation reflex is stretch of the segment of the large intestine called:
A. Rectum B. Anus C. Sigmoid Colon |
A
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Microscopic subunits of the liver, each consisting of a central vein passing down its core are called hepatic ____
A. Lobes B. Lobules C. Sinusoids |
B
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The portion of the tooth above the surface of the gum is called the _____
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Crown
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The _____ defecation reflex operates entirely within the myenteric nerve plexus
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Intrinsic
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Define receptive-relaxation response:
A. Smooth muscle remains relaxed until stimulated to contract by extrinsic nerves B. As smooth muscle is stretched, it first resists stretching, then relaxes C. The more smooth muscle is stretched, the more it contracts to protect itself |
B
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The _____ pancreatic duct branches of the main pancreatic duct and opens independently into the duodenum
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Accessory
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____ is an enzyme that converts trypsinogen into trypsin.
A. Enterokinase B. Pepsin C. Chymotrypsin |
A
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The glands of the small intestine that extend to the muscularis mucosae are called intestinal _____
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Crypts
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____ converts chymotripsinogen and procarboxipeptidase to chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase respectively
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Trypsin
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The enzyme _____ digests RNA
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Ribonuclease
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The posterior third of the tongue known as the _____ of the tongue
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Root
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The enzyme _____ breaks down dipeptides to individual amino acids
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Dipeptidase
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The enzyme ______ removes amino acids from the N terminal end of the protein
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amindopeptidase
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The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is the:
A. Body B. Root |
A
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The _____ cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
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Parietal
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The _____ enzymes, found on absorptive cell surfaces, carry out the final stages of enzymatic digestion
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Brush border
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The _____ cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen throughout life and lipase during infancy
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Chief
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A _____ is a lymphatic capillary in the core of an intestinal villus necessary for the absorption of lipids
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lacteal
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The enzyme ______ removes amino acids from the -COOH end of the protein
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carboxypeptidase
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Diciduous teeth normally erupt at the age of ____
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6-30 months
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The _____ is a mesentery running from the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
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Mesocolon
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Within the hepatic lobules, hepatocytes secrete bile into narrow channels called bile:
A. Ductules B. Canaliculi C. Ducts |
B
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What age do the permanent teeth normally replace the deciduous teeth?
A. Between 6 and 25 years B. Between 3 and 5 years |
A
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The _____ secreted in saliva binds, lubricates, and aids in swallowing
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Mucus
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Within the mandibular and maxillary alveoli, the modified periosteum which lines the alveolus and whose collagen fibers penetrate the bone on one side and into the tooth on the other side is called the:
A. Lingual Frenulum B. Terminal Sulcus C. Periodontal ligament |
C
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What is the name of the living connective tissue on the outer portion of the root of the tooth?
A. Dentin B. Cementum C. Enamel |
B
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Which enzyme in saliva is activated by the stomach acid and digests fat?
A. Salivary Amylase B. Lysozyme C. Lingual Lipase |
C
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Rounded bumps on the occlusal surfaces of the molars and premolars are known as _____
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Cusps
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The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the _____
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Root
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The ______ reflex involves the duodenum sending signals, typically inhibitory, to the stomach
A. Gastroileac B. Enterogastric C. Enterohepatic |
B
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Within a tooth, the narrow area in the lower root that is occupied by the pulp is called the root _____
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Canal
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The blood-filled channels between the layers of hepatocytes in the liver are called hepatic ______
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Sinusoids
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____ cells are located at the base of each intestinal crypts and secrete antibacterial proteins
A. Chief B. Paneth C. Goblet |
Paneth
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Within the tooth, the narrow area in the lower root that is occupied by the pulp is called the root _____
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Canal
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A ____ is the layer of tissue lining a cavity that is not open to the exterior of the body
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Serosa
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Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called _____ glands
A. Gastric B. Pyloric C. Cardia |
Gastric
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The _____ is the space between the teeth and the lips
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Vestibule
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The tubular glands that open into the gastric pits of the initial region of the stomach are called _______
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Cardiac glands
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Define muscularis externa
A. Smooth muscle layer at boundary between mucosa and submucosa B. External smooth muscle layers within the wall of the digestive tract |
B
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Any egg cell at any haploid stage between meiosis I and fertilization is known as a secondary ______
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oocyte
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List the organs of the internal genitalia of a female:
A. Ovaries B. Round Ligament C. Vagina D. Clitoris E. Uterine Tubes F. Uterus |
A,C,E,F
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The transformation of ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum is regulated by the hormone called:
A. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone B. Progesterone C. Luteinizing Hormone |
C
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The ______ is the inferior, cylindrical end of the uterus
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Cervix
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The term _____ refers to a narrow or neck-like part of an organ such as the uterus
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Cervix
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_____ are the developing female gametes as they progress through Meiosis I
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Primary Oocytes
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The ovarian stem cells that give rise to oocytes are called:
A. Oogonia B. Ova C. Follicles |
A
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Name the two layers of the endometrium:
A. Stratum Granulosum B. Stratum Corneum C. Stratum Basalis D. Stratum FUnctionalis |
C & D
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During pregnancy, high levels of the hormone ______ cause the ducts of the mammary glands to grow and branch.
A. Progesterone B. Estrogen |
B
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The discharge of menstrual fluid via the vagina occurs during the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle
A. Proliferative B. Premenstrual C. Menstrual |
C
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The outer region of the ovary where the eggs develop is called the _____
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Cortex
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A ______ follicle consists of two or more layers of stratified cells and a zona pellucida that surrounds a large oocyte
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Secondary
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During the female sexual response, lubrication of the vestibule is due to activity of which of the following sources?
A. Greater Urethral Glands B. Vaginal Transudate C. Greater Vestibular Glands D. Cervical Mucus |
B, C
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At the proximal end of the uterine tube, it becomes narrowed. This narrowed region is the _______ of the uterine tube
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Isthmus
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The vaginal _____ are ridges in the vaginal wall that function to produce friction to stimulate the penis
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rugae
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The ______ ligament attaches the lateral pole of the ovary to the pelvic wall
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Suspensory
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Ovulation is due to "spike" in levels of _______ hormone
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Luteinizing
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A ______ follicle consists of a layer of flattened epithelial cells surrounding a primary oocyte in early meiosis
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Primordial
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The transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum is regulated by the hormone called:
A. Progesterone B. Luteinizing Hormone C. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone |
B
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The ____ phase of the ovarian cycle begins with menstruation and continues until ovulation
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Follicular
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The serous fluid that seeps through the walls of the vagina providing lubrication during sexual excitements is called vaginal _____
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transudate
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The _____ of the breast is the conical to pendulous region of the breast
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body
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The phase of the ovarian cycle that extends from ovulation to the start of menstruation is the _____ phase
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luteal
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Estrogen has multiple effects. Indicate which of the following are effects of estrogen:
A. Upregulation of FSH, LH, and estrogen receptors in endometrium B. Upregulation of FSH, LH, and estrogen receptors in dominant follicle C. Inhibition of GnRH release D. Stimulation of progesterone release |
B, C
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The ______ ligament attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus
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Ovarian
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What is the effect of pregnancy on respiratory rate?
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No change
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The series of monthly changes that occur within the female gonads are referred to as:
A. Reproductive Cycle B. Menstrual Cycle C. Ovarian Cycle |
C
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A _____ follicle consists of a cuboidal layer of cells surrounding a large primary oocyte
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Primary
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Maximum sperm production occurs when the testes are at _____ degrees C
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Maximum sperm production occurs when the testes are at 35 degrees C
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Genes located on _____are inherited without regard to the sex of the individual
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autosomes
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The genetic material in the sperm is located in the ____
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Head
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The male accessory glands include:
A. Prostate Gland B. Seminal Vesicle C. Seminferous Tubules D. Bulbourethral Gland E. Rete Testes F. Vas Deferens |
A,B,D
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True or False. The perineal raphe is observed only on the underside of the scrotum
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False
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True or False. Neurons in the male brain convert testosterone to estrogen which influences the behavior associated with libido
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True
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The ______ is the part of the sperm which is a modified lysosome and contains enzymes needed to penetrate the egg
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Acrosome
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Structures located within the spermatic cord include:
A. Epidydimis B. Cremaster Muscle C. Vas Deferens D. Testicular Artery E. Dartos Muscle F. Pampiniform Plexus |
B, C, D, F
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Blood leaves the testes by way of the pampiniform plexus of the veins which converge to form the _______ vein
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Testicular
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True or False. Testosterone stimulates a burst of generalized body growth.
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True
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Testosterone is produced by ______ cells, located in the testes
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Interstitial
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The ______ and facing surface of the prepuce have sebaceous glands that produce a waxy secretion called smegma
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Glans
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A tissue that functions by swelling with blood is known as ______ tissue
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Erectile
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The hormone ______ is secreted by the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules
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Inhibin
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Structures located within the spermatic cord include:
A. Pampiniform Plexus B. Dartos Muscle C. Epidydimis D. Testicular Artery E. Ductus Deferens F. Cremaster Muscle |
A, D, E, F
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Biparental inheritance is achieved by the production of _____
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Gametes
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During sexual arousal, the _____ gland secretes an alkaline fluid that lubricates the head of the penis and neutralizes the acidic urethra
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Bulbouerethral
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The fibrous connective tissue surrounding the granulosa cells of the secondary (and older) follicles is called ______
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Theca follici
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External male genitalia are located in the ______
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perineum
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Which of the options describes the condition called preeclampsia?
A. Blockage of the cervical canal by the placenta B. Implantation of the conceptus anywhere other than the uterus C. Gestational hypertension and proteinuria occuring especially in the third trimester in primaparas D. Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall; may require cesarian section |
C
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The peritoneal fold that anchors the anterior margin of the ovary is known as the _____
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mesovarium
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The cervical _____ of the cervical canal secrete mucus that prevents the spread of microorganisms from the vagina into the uterus
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Glands
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During folliculogenesis, a follicle that has begun accumulating fluid secreted by the granulosa cells is called a _____ follicle
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Tertiary
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The theca interna cells of a follicle become _____ cells after the egg has been ovulated
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lutein
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Estrogens are secreted by _____ cells of the antral follicles
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Granulosa
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Women undergo a midlife change in hormone levels called _____
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Climacteric
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The hormone that stimulates mitosis of the stratum basalis in order to rebuild the stratum functionalis is ________
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Estrogen
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The _____ is a vaginal discharge that occurs for about 10 days after giving birth
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Lochia
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The cells forming the stratified layers around a secondary follicle are called _______ cells
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granulosa
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The _____ ligament attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus
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Ovarian
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The _____ glands are paired glands located on either side of the vagina and function to keep the vulva moist and provide lubrication during sexual arousal
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Greater Vestibular
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The _____ ducts drain the lobes of the mammary glands during pregnancy
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Lactiferous
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After the involution of the corpus luteum, the inactive bit of scar tissue that remains is known as the corpus ______
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Albicans
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The lactiferous ducts convey milk to the lactiferous ____located behind and within the nipple
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Sinus
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The inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins is the ______
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medulla
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What is the effect of pregnancy on tidal volume and minute ventilation of the respiratory system?
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Increases
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