Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
309 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some examples of plants in the fern group?
|
equisetum, true ferns, club mosses, and whisk ferns
|
|
what is the oldest fern?
|
equisetum
|
|
What generation is dominant in ferns?
|
sporophyte
|
|
Examples of bryophytes
|
mosses and liverworts
|
|
What is the most primitive plant group?
|
bryophytes
|
|
What is the ancestor of bryohphytes
|
green algae
|
|
Why are bryophytes so small
|
they lack vascular tissue
|
|
Do bryophytes have seeds?
|
No, they only have spores
|
|
How do bryophytes reproduce?
|
using water
|
|
What is the bryophyte dominant generation?
|
gametophyte
|
|
What are some examples of plants in the fern group?
|
equisetum, true ferns, club mosses, and whisk ferns
|
|
what is the oldest fern?
|
equisetum
|
|
What generation is dominant in ferns?
|
sporophyte
|
|
Do ferns make seeds?
|
No, they use spores
|
|
What is the oldest living tree?
|
bristle cone pine
|
|
What is the tallest tree?
|
sequoia
|
|
How are gymnosperms important to the economy?
|
contruction, wood, paper, and christmas trees
|
|
What covers the seeds of angiosperms?
|
ovary and fruit
|
|
what percent of the plant kingdom are angiosperms?
|
90%
|
|
Can you pollinate something without fertilizing it?
|
yes
|
|
What is double fertilization?
|
sperm fertilizes egg and the polar nuclei to form endosperm (3N)
|
|
How are angiosperms dispersed?
|
mainly through animals
|
|
What are the parts of the flower?
|
Know: stamen, filament, anther, petal, pistil, stigma, style, ovary, perianth, petal, and sepal
|
|
What is fruit used for?
|
dispersal and protection of the seed
|
|
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis
|
Water+CO2 = O2 + glucose
|
|
What is primary growth?
|
when the plant grows taller
|
|
what is secondary growth?
|
plant girth widens
|
|
What are the two vascular tissues?
|
phloem- sugar and xylem- water
|
|
What are the three ground tissues?
|
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
|
|
What is collenchyma used for?
|
flexible support
|
|
What is sclerenchyma used for?
|
rigid support
|
|
What is parenchyma used for?
|
various tissues and photosynthesis
|
|
What is the stomata good for?
|
gas exchange in the leaves
|
|
Understand the life cycle of plants
|
look at picture |
|
What are the differences between monocots and dicots
|
look at picture |
|
What is allelopathy?
|
a method in which plants use chemicals to kill or inhibit other plants.
|
|
What are the primary compounds?
|
lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids that are essential for survival
|
|
what are the secondary compounds?
|
alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides
|
|
alkaloids
|
bitter tasting nitrogenous compounds (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
|
|
terpenoids
|
composed of isprene units (hydrocarbon) (ex. rubber, taxol)
|
|
phenolics
|
aromatic rings with hydroxl groups (tannins, aspirin)
|
|
glycosides
|
molecule with glycoside bond between carbon and sugar group (salicin, digitoxin)
|
|
What is the doctrine of signatures?
|
what a plant looks like is what it cures
|
|
What is the most important gymnosperm group economically and diverse?
|
conifers
|
|
Why is it important to protect the rain forests?
|
they contain more biodiversity than the sum of all other biomes
|
|
When are rainforests estimated to be completely irradicated from the earth?
|
30 years at the current rate we are going
|
|
What percent of the earth do rainforests cover?
|
7%
|
|
Who is the father of taxonomy?
|
Linnaeus
|
|
What group of plants provides the most of humanity's food and medicines?
|
angiosperms
|
|
What are the major causes of deforestation?
|
slashing and burning for cattle ranching, cutting wood for fuel, clearing land for growing major commodity crops, and profitability of exotic woods from the rain forests
|
|
What is the most diverse secondary metabolite group?
|
terpenes
|
|
What is the most useful secondary metabolite group?
|
alkaloids
|
|
What drugs are derived from the opium poppy?
|
morphine, opium, heroin, codein, papaverine
|
|
Is oxycodone derived from the opium poppy?
|
yes
|
|
What company was heroin first made at?
|
Bayer
|
|
What drug is the chief opiate problem in the world?
|
heroin
|
|
Do traditional healers still play a vital role in treating illnesses in many of the remote parts of the world today?
|
yes
|
|
What type of healer incorporates divination?
|
shamanistic
|
|
What percent of people use plants as their sole medication?
|
80%
|
|
What did early humans believe illnesses were caused by?
|
supernatural forces
|
|
What was the first medical plant mentioned in an ancient document?
|
opium poppy
|
|
What is a plant that helps treat leprosy?
|
Chaulmoogra
|
|
Where was the doctrine of signatures popular?
|
europe
|
|
Why are sacred groves important?
|
serve as places of religious practices and customs, contain a diversity of meicinal plant species, contain important plants in treatment of malaria in Afria
|
|
Where do the greastes abundance of sacred groves occur?
|
India
|
|
Which technique yields the most discovery of new drugs?
|
ethnobotany
|
|
What provides us with indirect evidence of medicinal plant usage from the past
|
old graves
|
|
What did William Withering cure and with what?
|
Dropsy with foxglove
|
|
Why is aspirin so awesome?
|
inhibits a key enzyme that mediates pain, can save someone having a heart attack or stroke, may help prevent cancers
|
|
Should aspririn be used for children?
|
no because of Reyes syndrome
|
|
Why is snakeroot significant?
|
it helped pioneed the understanding of psychiatric disorders
|
|
Who is credited with writing the first herbal?
|
Shen Nung
|
|
What plant is aspirin derived from?
|
willow
|
|
What type of plant to flies help pollinate?
|
produce heat and foul smelling odors
|
|
Do animals that receive nectar from flowers always disperse pollen afterwards?
|
no
|
|
what type of flowers do bees tend to favor?
|
yellow flowers that produce significant amounts of scnet
|
|
what type of flowers do bats tend to pollinate?
|
white flowers with significant amounts of nectar
|
|
What percentage of drugs is still derived from one ormore plants?
|
25%
|
|
What happened to the chestnuts?
|
they were decimated from American forests within less than 5 decades because of the blight caused by a fungus
|
|
why are chestnuts valuable?
|
food and treatment for whooping cough
|
|
Is the chestnut blight still a problem?
|
yes and the trees are in danger
|
|
Alkaloids are the principle compound found in which plant families?
|
parsley, bean, and potato
|
|
What do nearly all living organisms depend on plants for their _____ source?
|
carbon
|
|
What is usually the active component in plant-based medicines?
|
secondary metabolites
|
|
What is ethnobotany?
|
the study of relationships between people and their plants
|
|
What are some characteristics of the mustard family?
|
help prevent health problems, flower petals occur in the shape of a cross, contain an abundance of strong glucosinolate compounds
|
|
What is mint helpful in treating?
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
|
what plant can help people who suffer from flatulence?
|
rosemary
|
|
What can help decrease cavity-causing bacteria in the mouth?
|
wasabi
|
|
What is sheperd's purse helpful for?
|
stopping bleeding
|
|
What is tomato consumption linked in reducing?
|
some types of cancers
|
|
How was curare first discovered?
|
through ethnobotany
|
|
What is curare helpful for?
|
use in surgery as a muscle relaxant that makes it safer because patients will need less anesthesia
|
|
What are some compounds that are attributed to the poisonous nature of some plants?
|
alcohols, glycosides, alkaloids
|
|
How are herbariums helpful?
|
keep for centuries, help people locate plants based on geographical information, plants metabolites can still be extracted, and help catalog botanical diversity
|
|
What are the top desirable plant properties pharmaceutical companies look for?
|
antibiotic, antiviral, chemotherapeutic, and psychoactive
|
|
vascular tissue
|
the largest difference between mosses and ferns
|
|
glycoside
|
a plant chemical characterized by its sugar group
|
|
embryo
|
largest difference between plants and their ancestor
|
|
phenolic
|
a schented chemical in plants with a hydroxl ring
|
|
alkaloid
|
a nitrogenous chemical found in many plants
|
|
bryophytes
|
the group where the gametophyte is the dominant generation
|
|
ginkgo group
|
the one group that has one living species that is used as a top 3 selling herbal remedy in the US
|
|
terpene
|
a chemical in plants that is composed of repeating units of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
respiration
|
process that breaks down sugar to release energy
|
|
What is the primary compound of the mint family
|
terpenes
|
|
why is the papya useful as a drug?
|
to help with slipped vertebrae
|
|
Is the papya still used in the US
|
no, because they had bad trial runs
|
|
What are three things that threaten our medicinal plant species?
|
habitat destruction, over collection, and plant diseases
|
|
what drug is considered the largest breakthrough in the entire field of pharmaceutical chemistry?
|
aspirin
|
|
What are some uses of aspirin?
|
anti-inflammatory, fever reducer, pain reducer, etc.
|
|
What are some charcteristics of the mint family?
|
aromatic, square stems, flowers at branch axis, opposite leaves, terpenes
|
|
What are some examples of helpful mints?
|
peppermint, spearmint, lavender, rosemary
|
|
What are some examples of harmful mints?
|
sage, pennyroyal, basil
|
|
What are some helpful mustard plants?
|
horseradish, sheperd's purse, and garden cress
|
|
What are some examples of harmful mustard plants?
|
horseradish, black mustard, oilseed rape
|
|
What are some characteristics of the parsley family?
|
firework structure, hollow stems, highly dissected leaves, alkaloids
|
|
what are some examples of helpful parsley plants?
|
dill, caraway, coriander
|
|
What are some examples of harmful parsley plants?
|
fennel, water hemlock,
|
|
What are some characeristics of the bean family?
|
distinct flowers, tendrils, legume pods, single leaf with many leaflets
|
|
what are some examples of helpful bean plants?
|
soybean, licorice, alfalfa
|
|
What are some examples of harmful bean plants?
|
broad bean, lupines, rosary pea,
|
|
What are some characteristics of the potato family?
|
5 lobed petals, berry fruit, compound leaves, alkaloids
|
|
what are some examples of helpful potato plants?
|
chili pepper, tomato
|
|
What are some examples of harmful potato plants?
|
jmson weed, nightshade, mandrake
|
|
What industry almost completely destroyed the pacific yew?
|
lumber
|
|
What was the lumber industry doing when it almost destroyed the pacific yew?
|
clearing land
|
|
who is the father of medicine?
|
hippocrates
|
|
What type of secondary metabolite is the most important, medically speaking?
|
alkaloids
|
|
What was the first plant to ever have one of its active ingredients isolated
|
opium poppy
|
|
Where is coca native to?
|
Andes Mountains
|
|
What plant's chemical derivatives and molecular blueprints are used today in modern medicine?
|
coca
|
|
What plant is still added to certain beverages in the US?
|
coca
|
|
What fungal phylum is the most diverse and produces sacs with eight sexual spores?
|
ascomycota
|
|
Drinking a few cups of what will potentially reduce the risk of certain cancers?
|
green tea
|
|
LDL cholesterol will be lowered if you drink what?
|
several cups of green tea daily
|
|
What is the worlds most popular caffeinated beverage?
|
tea
|
|
Which herbal remedy has reduced symptom severity of influenza infections by blocking viral replication?
|
black elderberry
|
|
What results from mycorrhizae associations?
|
increased water and mineral uptake by the roots. They are of great importance to roots.
|
|
What is a mycorrhizae relationship?
|
plants get increased water and mineral uptake while the fungus gets nutrients
|
|
Why should roadside plants not be collected?
|
they could containe benzene and hydrocarbons
|
|
What is a potential concern with the collection of some wild plants?
|
accumulation of heavy metals and could be potentially adultered with man-made or naturally occuring toxic chemicals
|
|
What plant was the first herbal remedy to be validated by using the scientific method?
|
foxglove
|
|
What helps with BPH?
|
palmetto
|
|
What helps reduce the frequency of urinary tract infections?
|
cranberry
|
|
Why should you not drink green tea when you are getting chemotherapy?
|
Has adverse affects with chemotherapy that contains boron
|
|
What is the number 1 selling US herbal remedy?
|
echinacea
|
|
What should not be used before surgery?
|
ginkgo biloba
|
|
What are the 4 successful organs transplanted with cyclosporin A?
|
heart, liver, kidney, and bone marrow
|
|
What is potentially effective against asthma and migraine headaches?
|
ephedra
|
|
Can aloe be orally consumed?
|
yes, but not for a long time
|
|
Alkaloids from ______ are used in modern medicine?
|
deadly nightshade
|
|
What are some potential sources of taxol?
|
european yew, mexican yew, bark cell cultures, and taxomyces fungal cultures
|
|
What do Americans in general believe about herbal remedies in comparison to syntheic drugs?
|
herbal remedies are natural and therefore safer than synthetic drus
|
|
How long does it take to develop a new drug?
|
approximatly a decade
|
|
When do patented drugs become generic?
|
20 year waiting period
|
|
Why are herbal remedies not popular with pharmaceutical corporations?
|
they would not yield a large profit
|
|
How much does it cost to develop a new pharmaceutical drug?
|
billions
|
|
What are potential concerns related to kava?
|
concerns of death and liver toxicity
|
|
What are potential concerns related to chomomile?
|
allergies
|
|
What should you not use with pregnancy?
|
ginger
|
|
What has concerns of long-term estogenic effects?
|
soy
|
|
what causes the most global deaths every year?
|
tobacco
|
|
What is more related to animals: plants or fungi?
|
fungi
|
|
What is in the walls of fungi?
|
chitin
|
|
how to fungi make their energy?
|
they are heterotrophs
|
|
What stage do fungi spend the majority of their lives in?
|
haploid
|
|
What is St. John's Wort best used for?
|
mild- moderate depression- it works just as well as any pharmeutical
|
|
What is a warning related to St.John's Wort?
|
it causes a significant reduction in efficacy of several presciption medications
|
|
How many people die from malaria a year?
|
2 to 3 million
|
|
Who discovered penicillium?
|
Alexander Fleming
|
|
Why was antibiotic development hastened?
|
need during WWII
|
|
When was antibiotic resistance first reported?
|
Almost immediatly after it was discovered
|
|
What is the leading cause of death by anaphylaxis (allergic reaction)?
|
penicillin
|
|
how many people are allergic to penicillin?
|
10%
|
|
how do hallucinogens affect neurons?
|
audio and visual interpretaion, perception, pain, and emotino
|
|
Was the Madagascar periwinkle used the same way it is now?
|
no
|
|
Where are the active principles of the Madagascar periwinkle isolated from?
|
leaves
|
|
why are dosages of herbal medicines difficult to decipher?
|
the amount of the plant used may vary depending on age and weight
|
|
What is autumn crocus used to treat?
|
gout
|
|
What is the best treatment for poisonings?
|
activated charcoal?
|
|
Why should ipecac not be used to treat poisonings?
|
because it will cause the patient to severly vomit and they will not be able to get any other medications and can cause dehydration
|
|
What is an excellant herbal treatment for poisonings?
|
milk thistle
|
|
Nightshade contains atropine which can be helpful after exposure to what?
|
nerve gas
|
|
drugs derived from fungi or made synthetically that are used to significantly reduce LDL cholesterol
|
statin
|
|
drugs from this are used for congestive heart failure
|
foxglove
|
|
fungal phylum that contains flagellated zoospores
|
chyridomycota
|
|
fungal group that is strictly asexual
|
deuteromycota
|
|
fungistatic drug used for treatment of superficial mycoses
|
griseofulvin
|
|
most advanced fungal phlum whose members make sexual spores on club-like structures
|
basidiomycota
|
|
an example of a fungal remedy that can help enhance the immune system and help fight cancer
|
kawaratake
|
|
an antifungal drug used against potentially lethal mycoses such as aspergillosis
|
echinocandin
|
|
the most lethal form of the malaria parasites
|
plasmodium falciparum
|
|
the world's primary illegal drug problem in regards to ill effects on human health as well as other societal problems
|
heroin
|
|
what is a native plant that helps with the gastrointestinal system?
|
blackberry-diarrhea
|
|
what is a native plant that helps with the skin?
|
witch hazel- hemorroids
|
|
what is a native plant that helps with the nervous system?
|
lemon balm- relaxant/antidepressant
|
|
Why should echinacea not be used by transplant patients?
|
it produces more killer cells by igniting the immune system so it would increase the likelyhood of organ rejection
|
|
What is black cohosh used for?
|
hormonal control
|
|
what is ginseng used for?
|
increase cognitive function
|
|
what is ginkgo biloba used for?
|
help with dementia
|
|
what is garlic used for?
|
reduce cholesterol
|
|
What can the tropical yew be used for?
|
can make synthetic hormones
|
|
What is quina-quina used for?
|
used in the past as an anti-malarial
|
|
Lichens are symbiotic relationships between?
|
fungi and algae
|
|
What can medical marijuana be helpful in treating?
|
asthma, epilepsy, parkinson's disease
|
|
What are two superficial mycoses presented during lecture?
|
athletes foot and thrush
|
|
What plant was the first cure for leprosy?
|
chaulmoogra
|
|
What is the largest concern with mushroom toxins?
|
destroy liver and kidney cells, often lethal, and can affect the CNS or ANS which can lead to hallucinations
|
|
What are amatoxins?
|
inhibit mRNA synthesis and are almost always fatal and has no antidote - makes your proteins go all wacky
|
|
Can someone survive amatoxins?
|
Yes, but it is very rare and will always require a transplant if someone does
|
|
What happens when someone is exposed to amatoxins?
|
starts with dehydration and vomiting, wreaks havor on your liver, then it will destroy your kidneys- if you make it that far
|
|
What % of all mushroom poisonings are caused by amanita?
|
50%
|
|
What % of people survive amanita posonings?
|
5%
|
|
What specific process do amatoxins stop in the human body?
|
mRNA synthesis
|
|
What are three morphological features of a mushroom that signal a potential toxin warning?
|
white capped, annulus, volva
|
|
Initial intoxication with the fly agaric is similar to consuming what substance?
|
alcohol
|
|
What is ergot?
|
hardned fungi on grains
|
|
What are sclerotia?
|
the ergot on grains that was harvasted with the healthy ones and made into bread causing ergotism
|
|
What are three hallucinogenic fungi?
|
fly agaric, psilocybe, ergot
|
|
What are the two types of ergotism?
|
chronic poisoning and acute poisoning
|
|
what does chronic poisoning or ergotism lead to?
|
reduced circulation which can lead to amputations
|
|
what does acute poisoning of ergotism lead to?
|
cnvulsive ergotism with seizures and hallucinations (thought to be the cause of the salem witch trials
|
|
What are two modern medicinal uses of ergot?
|
reduce postpartum bleeding and treat migraine headaches
|
|
What classifiction of psychoactive drugs is alcohol?
|
depressant
|
|
What four centers of the brain are depressed during alcohol consumption?
|
speech, vision, balance, and judgement
|
|
Where does the majority of the worlds population growth occur?
|
developing nations
|
|
What do scientists believe the earth's carrying capacity to be and when will we reach it?
|
10 billion in 2050
|
|
What is the green revolution?
|
allowed food production to meet and exceed population growth through high yielding varieties and increased use of irrigation, fertilizers, persticides, and mechanization
|
|
What are some drawbacks of high yielding crop varieties?
|
plants became smaller (because of larger fruit input) and have fewer protections
|
|
What is the major problem associated with irrigation in arid regions beyond water availability?
|
soil salinization
|
|
What important biogeochemical cycle is being manipulated by humans more than ever before?
|
nitrogen cycle- too much can cause excess greenhouse gas
|
|
What was the cost (not money) of he green revolution?
|
loss of genetic diversity, depletion of water resources, soil salinzation, loss of fallow periods, health and enviromental issues, and nutritional value
|
|
What methods have been proposed to continue to increase crop yields in the coming decades?
|
GMOs, drip irrigation, no-till, IPM
|
|
What is IPM (integrated pest management)
|
useing one living agent to kill another
|
|
What is plant pathology?
|
the study of plant diseases
|
|
How many disease do plants get relative to other organisms
|
plants have about 95% diseases per host
|
|
What is the plant disease triangle?
|
host- genetically suceptible
pathogen- population too high enviroment- stress on plants |
|
What are the 4 biotic primary causal agents of plant disesases?
|
fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses
|
|
despite the heavy use of pesticides what % of crops fail each year?
|
50%
|
|
What food crop is the most heavily sprayed with pesticides?
|
potatos
|
|
what food crop has the most pesticide residue?
|
apples
|
|
What are health problems associated with pesticide use?
|
cancer, birth defects, and nerve damage
|
|
What famous book warned about the danger of pesticides?
|
silent spring by Rachel Carson
|
|
Where is DDT stored?
|
fat
|
|
What groups of people should be particularly concerned about pesticides?
|
infants, children, women of child bearing age
|
|
What is the ultimate source of all human food?
|
plants
|
|
What are the three human macronutrients?
|
carbs, lipids, and protein
|
|
what are the two main classes of human micronutrients?
|
vitamins and minerals
|
|
What are the health benefits of eating fiber?
|
regulate blood, move things through coon faster, lowers LDL cholesterol
|
|
What are the two types of fiber?
|
soluable and insoluable
|
|
What plant family is up at the top as a source of dietary fiber?
|
beans
|
|
What is the good type of cholesterol?
|
HDL- removes excess cholesterol from body tissues
|
|
Why have birth defect rates in the S dramatically dropped in the last 18 years?
|
started putting folic acid in grains
|
|
What percent of the US adult population is overweight or obese?
|
35%
|
|
What are two primary factors associated with causing the increased rate of obesity?
|
processed foods containing fat and sugars
|
|
up to how many people in the world are unable to fulfill their dialy caloric requirement?
|
1.3 billion
|
|
What is undernutrition?
|
don't have enough calories
|
|
what is malnutrition?
|
not enough nutrients
|
|
What is the most common dietary deficiency in the world?
|
iron
|
|
what is kwashiorkor?
|
not enough protein
|
|
what is marasmus?
|
not enough calories and protein
|
|
What is the primary cause of food scarcity?
|
unfair food distribution
|
|
What is chemoprevention?
|
chemical prevention
|
|
what is the most important and influential factor determining human health?
|
diet
|
|
Who is the founder of nutrition?
|
antoine laroisier
|
|
What are the top two disease that cause highest numbers of deaths in America?
|
heart disease and cancer
|
|
what are the two leading preventable causes of death in the US (caused by what)?
|
smoking and diet
|
|
what is the minimum target today for number of servings of fruits and vegetables?
|
7/day
|
|
what are phyto nutrients?
|
plant nutrients
|
|
Why is brocolli helpful in warding off cancer?
|
it can reduce carcinergens in the body
|
|
What health benefits are associated with the consumption of squash and pumpkin seeds?
|
protection against cold and flus, regulate blood sugar, BPH
|
|
What term do people that are opposed to genetic engineering often call GMOs
|
frakenfood
|
|
How do we broadly defin biotechnology?
|
the use of living organisms to provide products for humanity
|
|
What are some traditional example of biotechnology?
|
yeast, yogurt, penicllin
|
|
What is totipotency mean?
|
the ability to take a whole plant into a sterile culture and make a whole new plan
|
|
How many plant species constitute the world's major crops?
|
22
|
|
how many crops sustain more than half of daily plant calories for humans?
|
wheat, corn, and rice
|
|
What is plasmid DNA?
|
a genus of bacteria that is able to insert some of its DNA into a plant wherever a marker is placed
|
|
what % of the processed food you buy at the grocery store contains at least one GMO
|
75%
|
|
what % of the soybean crop in the US is GMO?
|
93%
|
|
The US grows what percent of the World's GM crops?
|
70%
|
|
What are at least 4 potential downsides to GMOs?
|
violates biological species concept, allergies, corporate control, unintended reduction of nutrition, resistance build up, ethics and intellectual property rights
|
|
What are some positives for GMOs?
|
insect resistance, resistance to weeds, more nutrients, faster results, delayed ripeneing
|
|
What causes type I diabetes?
|
childhood onset autoimmune disease that does not produce any or not enough insulin
|
|
Which type of diabetes is insulin dependent?
|
type I
|
|
How do you get type II diabetes?
|
obesity
|
|
What plants can help with type II diabletes?
|
french lilac and miracle flower
|
|
What is the preferred conventional medication for type II diabetes?
|
metformin
|
|
What is the most common mental illness in the US?
|
anxiety
|
|
What are some plants that can help with depression and anxiety?
|
valerian, saffron, St. John's wort
|
|
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
|
a shock treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in order to help treat a mental illness
|
|
What form of heart disease is the most prevelant in the US?
|
coronary artery disease
|
|
What are some plants that are helpful in treating heart disease?
|
foxglove, hawthorn, and willow
|
|
What is the name of the bacterium that causes TB?
|
mycobcterium tuberculosis
|
|
What are the three primary types of headaches?
|
migraine, tension ,and cluster
|
|
What are some plants that can help hedaches?
|
feverfew, evening primrose, butterbur, and red pepper
|
|
What is the most common type of arthritis?
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
What are some plants associated with relieveing arthritis pain?
|
chilli pepper, willow, and cats claw
|
|
What are some conventional medications to help with arthritis?
|
steroids, NSAIDS, injections, surgery, acupuncture
|
|
Where does breast cancer rank in US cancer deaths amongst women?
|
number 2 behind skin
|
|
What is a useful lant that is relatively effective as a chemotherapy treatment for some breast cancer?
|
ephedra
|
|
What are the pathophysiological causes of Alzheimer's disease?
|
abnormal accumulation of amyloid proteins, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrilliary tangles
|
|
What are two palnts that are used to potentially delay the progression of alzheimer's disease
|
galantamine and huperzine A
|
|
What is crohn's disease?
|
a chronic inflammatory disease that involves the intestinal tract
|
|
What is the cause of crohn's disease?
|
exact cause is unknown- could be attributed with heredeitary, immune system malfunctions, and enviromental factors
|
|
Where is crohn's disease prevelant?
|
Europe and North America
|
|
What are some useful plants to consider in the treatment of Crohn's?
|
boswellia, marshmaow, and turmeric
|
|
Do people manage Crohn's disease well?
|
no
|