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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism
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the sum of all biochemical reaction that take place in an organism
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Anabolic Processes
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Synthetic or constructive reactions
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Catabolic Processes
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degradative biochemical reactions
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Catalysis
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biochemical reactions facilitated by an enzyme
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Kinetic Energy
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due to motion of molecules (e.g. heat, light)
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Potential
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due to position (e.g. molecular bonds and elevated objects)
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy transfer leads to increased disorder
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Closed system
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Matter cannot enter or leave, but energy can
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Open system
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both energy and matter are free to enter or leave the system
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Entropy
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a measure of randomness (delta S)
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Enthalpy
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The heat content or the total potential energy (delta H)
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Free Energy
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the portion of a system's energy that is available to perform work (delta G)
G=H-TS |
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Exergonic
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-G, spontaneous, release energy
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Endergonic
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+G, non spontaneous, consume energy
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Exothermic
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heat is released -H
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Endothermic
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heat is absorbed +H
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Chemical Equilibrium
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the balance between forward and reverse reactions (e.g. respirations and photosynthesis) Measured by Keq
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Equilibrium Constant
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Keq= CD/AB
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Energy Coupling
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the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
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Enzymes
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biological catalysts with high specifity for a particular substrate. Lowers activation energy but free energy remains the same
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Active Site
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Site ON ENZYME where enzyme and substrate interact to lower activation energy
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induced fit
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the changing of enzyme conformation to embrace the substrate
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Factors affecting enzyme activity
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Temperature, pH, salt, substrate type
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Vmax
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highest rate of reaction; occurs when al enzyme active sites are filled with substrate
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Km
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substrate concentration at which Vmax occurs
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Cofactors
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Help activate enzymes by accepting/donating electrons
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Activators
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bind to enzyme, changing conformation positively
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Competitive Inhibitor
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Compete with substrate for the same active site; reversible (Vmax stays the same, more substrate can overcome)
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Non-competitive inhibitor
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bind to the enzyme not on active site, but make it less active or inactive (Vmax decreases)
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Irreversible Inhibitors
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bind to active site and make enzyme permanently inactive
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Allosteric Enzyme
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Has an active site(catalytic) and an activator/allosteric site(regulatory), complex and sigmoidal
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Feedback Regulation
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End product of a reaction inhibits an earlier enzyme, halting the entire process
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Cellular Respiration
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oxygen+glucose--> carbon dioxide+water
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Location of Glycolysis
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Cytoplasm
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Glycolysis Inputs
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Glucose
NAD+ ADP+Pi |
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Glycolysis Outputs and Destinations
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Pyruvate----> Acetryl CoA
NADH-------->OxPh ATP----------->Cytoplasm |
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Steps 1&3 of Glycolysis
(Energy Investment) |
1.Glucose if phosphorylated by hexokinase
3. Phosphorylation of fructose by phophofructokinase |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Loss of electrons to Electron transport chain, creating protein gradient to generate ATP
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Location of Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
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Oxidative Phosphorylation Inputs
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NADH
FADH ADP Pi O2 |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation Outputs and Destinations
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NAD
FAD ATP H20 |
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Location of Acetyl CoA Formation
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Mitochondria
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Acetyl CoA Formation Inputs
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Pyruvate
CoA NAD+ |
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Acetryl CoA Formation Outputs and Destinations
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Acetyl CoA--->
NADH---------> |
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Location of Kreb's Cycle
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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Inputs of Kreb's Cycle
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Acetyl CoA
NAD+ FAD ADP +Pi H20 |
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Outputs/Destination of Kreb's Cycle
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CO2
NADH FADH ATP CoA |
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Steps 1&3 of Kreb's
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1.Acetyl CoA de-synthesizedby citrate synthase(induced by AMP and inhibited by ATP)
3.Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by isocitrate dehydrogenase (rate limiting, inhibited by ATP&NADH) |
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Anaerobic Resperation
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No oxygen, i.e. Fermentation
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Alcohol Fermentation
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glucose+ ADP+ Pi
= Ethanol+ATP |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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glucose +ADP+Pi
=Lactic Acid+ATP |
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Photosynthesis (overall)
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CO2+Water---> Glucose+Oxygen+Water
2 Main parts: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle |
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Leaf Structure
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Mesophyll Cell >Chloroplast> stroma>thylakoid.... page 84
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NADP+
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transfers electrons from light reactions and transfers them to Calvin Cycly to generate carbs
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Photophosphorylation
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Electron Transport Chain through thylakoid membrane to produce in proton gradient
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Pigments
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Chlorophyll mostly (does not absorb green); Primary Electron Acceptor; anchored by hydrocarbons
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Light Reaction
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thylakoid membrane (protons pumped from stroma to thylakoid space); main purpose is to harvest light energy for calvin cycle
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Photosystem I
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Cyclic Photophosphorylation; Primitive;
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Photosystem II
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Contains 1 and 2, 2 goes first (ATP); 1 goes second (NADPH) Non Cyclic; relies on electrons from splitting of water molucules
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Calvin Cycle
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Occurs in Stroma; uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions
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3 Major Steps of Calvin Cycle
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Carbon Fixation, Reduction (Phosphoglycerate kinase), Regeneration of Rubisco
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Rubisco Regulation
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Concentration of 02 and C02
Mg concentration pH NADPH levels |
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C3
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Calvin cycle fixes O2; majority of plants; e.g. rice, wheat; bundle sheath
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C4
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PEP carboxylase fixes CO2; uses C3 and C4; mesophyll cells; e.g. corn, sugarcane
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CAM
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First C3 during day; Then C4 at night; e.g. cacti
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Binary Fision
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Bacterial reproduction: Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
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Mitosis
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Process by which eukaryotic cells replicate their DNA into two identical copies and divide to form two identical cells (also clones and twins)
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Chromosomes
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structure containing genetic info of eukaryotic cells
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chromatid
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the two linear halves of Chromosomes
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Chromatin
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Proteins/DNA that compose chromosomes
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Centrioles
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contain MTOC (microtubule organizing center)
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Kinetochore
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Proteins attached to chromatids that allow spindle fibers to attach and pull apart
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Spindle fibers
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long rod things in diagrams that pull chromatids apart
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Interphase
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Composed of G1, S, and G2 phases
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G1 Phase
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Rapid growth and metabolic activity (largest part of cell cycle)
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S Phase
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DNA replication, forming sister chromatids attach at centromere
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G2 Phase
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Growth; rest of organelles replicate
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Prophase
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Nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers connect to kinetochores
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Metaphase
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Sister chromatids align on metaphase plate
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Anaphase
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Sister chromatids are divided at centromere
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Telophase
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2 nuclei form to envelop the two groups of DNA
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Cytokinesis
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Cell splits in two with either cleavage or cell plate to make 2 separate cells
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Critical stage of cell division regulation
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After G1- restriction point
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MPF
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Maturation Promoting Factor (cdk+cyclin); promotes DNA synthesis and mitosis
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Meiosis
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the process of replicating gamete cells in eukaryotes; produces haploid(1/2) cells as opposed to diploid;
Prophase I and Metaphase I most important for genetic variation |
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homologs/homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that code for the same gene; cross over to provide genetic variation
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Interphase I
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Normal Cell Processes and DNA replication (same as mitosis)
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Prophase I
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Most Important Step in Miosis
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores forming tetrads (homologs) Crossing over and recombination occur during synapsis |
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Metaphase I
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Chromosomes align along metaphase plate
Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes |
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Anaphase I
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Homologous chromosomes separate (sister still attached)
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Telophase I &Cytokinesis I
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Nuclear envelope and plasma membrane sometimes form
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Interphase II
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Not DNA replication
(2nd cycle is pretty much just mitosis) |
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Prophase II
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Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
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Metaphase II
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Sister chromatids align on metaphase plate
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Anaphase II
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Sister chromatids separate toward opposing poles
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Telophase and Cytokinesis II
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Haploid daughter cells form ( 4 from original 1)
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Causes of Genetic Variation
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Crossing Over (P1)
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes (M1) Random Fertilization Mutations |
