Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
active immunity
|
Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen.
|
|
|
antibody
|
A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin. All have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
|
|
|
antigen presentation
|
The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.
|
|
|
antigen receptor
|
The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses.
|
|
|
antigen-presenting cell
|
A cell that upon ingesting pathogens or internalizing pathogen proteins generates peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to T cells. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
|
|
|
autoimmune disease
|
An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
|
|
|
B cell receptor
|
The antigen receptor on B cells: a Y-shaped, membrane-bound molecule consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bridges and containing two antigen-binding sites.
|
|
|
B cells
|
The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response.
|
|
|
CD4
|
A surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and an antigen-presenting cell.
|
|
|
CD8
|
A surface protein, present on most cytotoxic T cells, that binds to class I MHC molecules, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and a target cell.
|
|
|
cell-mediated immune response
|
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.
|
|
|
class I MHC molecules
|
A type of MHC molecule found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells and that functions in identification of infected cells by cytotoxic T ells.
|
|
|
class II MHC molecules
|
A type of MHC molecule restricted to a few specialized immune cell types (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) that serve as antigen-presenting cells.
|
|
|
clonal selection
|
The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.
|
|
|
complement system
|
A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.
|
|
|
cytokine
|
Any of a group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.
|
|
|
cytotoxic T cell
|
A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells.
|
|
|
dendritic cell
|
An antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly efficient in presenting antigens to helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response.
|
|
|
effector cell |
A lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an acquired immune response. |
|
|
heavy chain
|
One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.
|
|
|
helper T cell
|
A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens.
|
|
|
histamine
|
A substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses.
|
|
|
humoral immune response
|
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
|
|
|
immunization
|
The process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means. In active immunization, also called vaccination, an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory.
|
|
|
immunodeficiency
|
A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent.
|
|
|
immunoglobulin (Ig)
|
Any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies, divided into five major classes that differ in their distribution in the body and antigen disposal activities.
|
|
|
inflammatory response
|
An innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens.
|
|
|
innate immunity
|
A form of defense common to all animals that is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.
|
|
|
interferon |
proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viral infections. Virus-infected body cells secrete interferons, which induce nearby uninfected cells to produce substances that inhibit viral replication. |
|
|
light chain
|
One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.
|
|
|
lymphocyte
|
A type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. The two main classes are B cells and T cells.
|
|
|
lysozyme
|
An enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls; in mammals, found in sweat, tears, and saliva.
|
|
|
macrophage
|
A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell.
|
|
|
MHC
|
A family of genes that encode a large set of cell-surface proteins that function in antigen presentation.A family of genes that encode a large set of cell-surface proteins that function in antigen presentation.
|
|
|
mast cell
|
A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions.
|
|
|
memory cell
|
One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation, mount secondary immune response
|
|
|
natural killer cell
|
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate immunity.
|
|
|
neutrophil
|
The most abundant type of white blood cell, phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.
|
|
|
passive immunity
|
Short-term immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies, as occurs in the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant.
|
|
|
pathogen
|
An organism or virus that causes disease.
|
|
|
phagocytosis
|
A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells).
|
|
|
plasma cell
|
The antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells.
|
|
|
primary immune response
|
The initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days.
|
|
|
secondary immune response
|
The acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen, more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response.
|
|
|
T cell
|
The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and that includes both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity.
|
|
|
T cell receptor
|
The antigen receptor on T cells; a membrane-bound molecule consisting of one α chain and one β chain linked by a disulfide bridge and containing one antigen-binding site.
|
|
|
thymus |
A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed. |
|
|
TLR
|
Toll-like receptor. A membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens.
|
|
|
inflammatory response |
דלקת |
|
|
PAMP |
pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Short molecular sequences that typify certain groups of pathogens and that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. |
|
|
Septic shock |
is a life-threatening conditioncaused by an overwhelming inflammatory response |
|
|
Leukocytes |
general name for white cells |
|
|
Monocytes |
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell, or leukocyte. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate intomacrophaes or dendritic cells |
|
|
lymphocytes |
lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. |
|
|
antigen |
Any substance that elicits a B or T cell response |
|
|
epitope |
A small, accessible region of an antigento which an antigen receptor or antibodybinds. |
|
|
antibody |
A protein secreted by plasma cells(differentiated B cells) that binds to a particularantigen; also called immunoglobulin. Allantibodies have the same Y-shaped structureand in their monomer form consist of twoidentical heavy chains and two identical lightchains. |
|
|
effector cells |
A lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selectionand is capable of mediating an adaptiveimmune response. |
|
|
plasma cell |
The antibody-secretingeffector cell of humoral immunity. Plasmacells arise from antigen-stimulated B cells. |
|
|
opsonization |
antibodies bound to antigens on bacteria do not block infection, but instead present a readily recognized structure for macrophages or neutrophils, there by promoting phagocytosis |
|
|
IL-2 |
a main cytokine |
