Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Pathogens |
1) Viruses 2) Bacteria (Prokaryotes) 3) Fungi 4) Protozoa 5) Worms (Helminths) |
|
Viruses |
A virus particle is also called a virion. A virus consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA(genome) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) |
|
Animal Viruses |
In multicellular organisms, viruses specialize in attacking particular cell types |
|
Six steps of Viral Replication |
1) Penetration 2) Replication 3) Transaction 4) Translation 5) Assembly 6) Release |
|
See bottom of page 2 |
see bottom of page 2 |
|
Types of Viral Infections |
1) Lytic Infection 2) Latent Infection |
|
Three common shapes of Bacteria (Prokaryotes) |
1) Coccus - Spherical 2) Bacillus - Rod-like 3) Spirillum - Corkscrew-shaped |
|
Prokaryotic Cell Structure |
Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membraneor membrane-bound organelles present. In the central region of the cell is an areacalled the nucleoid, which is separate fromthe cytoplasm |
|
Plasmids |
Small rings of DNA located in thecytoplasm of some prokaryotes |
|
Pili |
Protein projections in some bacteria thatfurther enhance adhesion to surfaces/tissues |
|
Endospores |
Thickly wrapped particles ofgenetic material and a few enzymes. Form inside some bacteria underinhospitable environmental conditions |
|
Toxins bacteria causes |
– Clostridium tetani causes tetanus – Clostridium botulinum causes botulism – Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene |
|
Fungi |
Most are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Most fungal infections (mycoses) are superficial (onsurfaces). Few are systemic (throughout body) |
|
Protozoa |
Single-celled microscopic eukaryoticparasites. Release toxins & enzymes to destroy cells. Can acquire from soil, water, food, insect vectors, or sexually |
|
Worms (Helminths) |
Multicellular animals. Harder for immune system to destroy. Anti-helminth medications. Can acquire from undercooked meat, water or insects |
|
Flukes |
Parasitic flatworms that have complex life cycles that include anintermediate host, such as a snail. Blood flukes cause schistosomiasis, which causessymptoms such as diarrhea, anemia, and possiblebrain damage |
|
Stages of Disease |
1) Incubation Period 2) Prodromal 3) Clinical Period 4) Convalescence Period |
|
Potential Outcomes of Infection |
A) Terminal (death) B) Morbidity C) Recover With Immunity D) Recover Without Immunity E) Recover as Asymptomatic Carrier F) Relapse |
|
Non-Specific Defenses |
1) Skin 2) Mucous Membranes 3) Bodily Secretions 4) Blood Components 5) Fever 6) Phagocytosis 7) Inflammation |
|
Specific Defenses |
A) Humoral Immunity B) Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
Humoral Immunity |
Antigens on surface of pathogen are recognized by B- lymphocytes (B-Cells). Activated B-cell divides to make copies of itself and differentiates. Most dividing B-cells become Plasma Cells. Some dividing B-cells become Memory B Cells. |
|
Cell-Mediated Immunity |
Involves two types of T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells): 1) Helper T-Cells 2) Killer T-Cells Natural Killer Cells also help to kill altered self cells and foreign transplanted cells |