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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Meiosis?
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Cell division that generates gametes(Haploid)
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cell division that generates all remaining body cells (diploid) is called what?
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Mitosis.
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What is Endocrine?
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Control system of hormones.
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What three levels of Regulation?
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Hypothalumus, LH, and FSH
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what produces GNRH?
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Hypothalamus.
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what is FSH
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Follicle Stimulatory Hormone. which is sperm and egg development.
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what increases muscle mass, hair growth, voice deepening and reproductive fitness.
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testosterone.
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Testes are what?
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the source of over 100 million sperm/day
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What is the sit of sperm maturation?
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Epididymis.
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Vas Deferens does what?
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carry sperm to prostate gland.
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Prostate gland is what?
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Below the bladder, and increases with age. it causes difficulty urination.
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what produces bicarbonate, and neutralizes acid in male and female?
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Prostate gland.
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This nutrients (fructose) for sperm.
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seminal vesicle.
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Bulbourethral does what?
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produces lubricant.
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This is the path to outside of male.
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Urethra.
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Vasectomy is what?
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Server to vas deferens and blocks sperm to be released.
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Testes are what?
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Massive amounts of seminiferous tubule, increase in surface area.
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Where does fertilization happen?
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Ovula.
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this contains enzymes.
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Acrosome.
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Once fertilization occurs, what happens?
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Zoma pellucida hardens and blocks sperm from penetrating.
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Oocyte and sperm form what?
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Zygote.
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embryo is what?
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16-32 cell ball.
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what is made from split embryos?
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twins.
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Placenta exchanges what?
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Nutrient Gases.
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what is Artifical insemenation?
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sperm donor.
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Fertilization in a test tube is what?
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In Vitro Fertilization
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This allows the zygote to gently float down and enter the uterus.
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G.I.F.T. (Gamete intra-fallopian transfer.)
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Sperm Selection does what?
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allows couple to select the sex of their child.
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2 haploid cells fuse to form?
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Diploid cells
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DNA is used for what?
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store info and make proteins.
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chromosomes are made up of what?
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loosely packed chromatin.
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what is a karyotype.
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diagram that shows the 23 pairs of chromosome.
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What starts with one diploid cell and ends with two?
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Mitosis.
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in what phase does the nuclear envelop break down?
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prophase
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In what phase does dan condos into compacted chromosome structure?
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prophase.
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Metaphase (middle)
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chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell.
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what are centrioles
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organelle at opposite ends of cell that connect to spindle fibers
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these connect to centromeres of chromosomes
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spindle fibers.
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Anaphase
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centromeres break and 2 inter chromatids separate and move to opposite side of cell.
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Telaphase
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Brings chromosomes together and form new nucleus membrane....encloses chromosomes.
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this is when cell separates into two new daughter cells
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Cytokinesis.
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what is crossing over?
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the exchange of DNA between maternal and paternal chromosomes.
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell two by two, this is what phase
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metaphase 1
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what happens in anaphase I
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the full x-shaped chromosomes seperate.
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in this phase, it defines offspring cells as haploid
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Anaphase I
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In telophase 1. what happens?
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It forms nuclear membranes.
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In this phase, the cells are divided into 2 cells.
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Cytokinesis 1
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Chromosomes condense and nuclear membrane breaks in what phase?
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Prohase II
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Metaphase II
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Chromosomes line up single file.
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Anaphase II
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Break centromere and separate sister chromatids.
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in telophase II what happens?
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nucleus is reformed.
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In Cytokenisis II what happens?
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Divide cells and there are now 4 daughter cells.
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this is the lack of typical separation of chromosomes during meiosis.
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Nondisjunction.
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Trisomy 21 is what?
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three 21 cells = down syndrome
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Klinefelter syndrome. xxy is what?
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in males, it's the decrease of testes and usually tall. have feminine shaped bodies and could develop breast.
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Genetics consist of what?
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one Homologous pair of chromosomes from maternal and paternal.
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Where are the genes located? what do they do?
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Chromosomes. encodes a protein.
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These alternate forms of a single gene
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Allele
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what is a genotype
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it indicated which alleles are present.
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Phenotype
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indicates the expression(appearance) of a trait.
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what is simple dominance
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homozygous dominant and heterozygous display.
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Homozygous is what?
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AA (dominant) or aa (recessive)
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what is heterozygous
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Aa. (Dominant)
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Law of segregation is what?
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Alleles are separated during gamete formation.
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This law is when trays are on different chromosomes and are sorted randomly during gamete formation.
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law of independent assortment.
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Codominance is what?
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a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes and produces a third phenotype.
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ABO does what?
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produce both A + B antigens.
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what is incomplete dominance?
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type of inheritance in which an allele is not completely dominant over the other allele.
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give an example of incomplete dominance.
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red and white flowers, red is not completed dominant over white, so it offspring is a pink flower.
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this inheritance is when multiple different genes control the trait.
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polygenic inheritance.
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what is a carrier?
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when a parent may not demonstrate the tray but may pass it on to their offspring.
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Sex linkage are what?
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linked on the x chromosome. most likely in males because woman have another x chromosome that make up for the gene. (colorblindness)
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Colorblindess, is what?
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mostly found in males.
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is colorblindness recessive or dominant trait?
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recessive.
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can a colorblind woman have a normal vision son?
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no.
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what is genetic counseling.
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they can look for diseases.
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what chromosome is hunting tons disease located? and what age is it most likely to happen? what is it?
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4, 35-50 yrs old. uncontrollable movements.
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what is tay sachs?
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slow development, kids don't last past 6 years old.
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What is Genetic Screening
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testing of baby while it's in uterus.
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this is the sample of amniotic fluid the baby floats in and contains she's cells from fetus.?
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amniocetisis.
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the primitive atmosphere was made up of what?
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Hydrogen, nitrogen, co2, carbon monoxide, methane. no oxygen.
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what was the miller experiment, and when was it?
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1953, and it demonstrates formation of simple amino acids.
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what can RNA do?
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reproduce itself.
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this was the changes in allele frequency (ability to modifications) in a population.
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microevolution.
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what is Genetic drift?
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basic mechanisms of evolution. ex. 6 fingers. mutation.
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what is the founder effect.
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a single individual who may add a new allele to a small population.
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what does the founder effect do?
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results in expression of a new trait in a population.
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What is a bottleneck,
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small population can cause an increased expression of recessive genetic diseases
---small gene pool. |
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What is gene flow?
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Genes move through population. and causes gene pool too change overtime
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what will a mutation do?
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prove new genetic variation. and evolutionary process.
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what is the minting of a juvenile characteristic in adult hood?
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Paedomorphosis.
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What is the development of new species?
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macroevolution.
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what are the class of macroevolution?
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genis, species. (King phillip called on five soldier.)
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what is a Phylogenetic tree used for?
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To demonstrate relationships between similar species
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Relationships in a phylogenetic tree are based on what?
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shared characteristics.
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he was a naturalist and wrote 'on the origin of species' in 1859.
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Charles Darwin.
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Charles Darwin believed what?
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Natural selection.
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what is natural selection?
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Where adaptive traits are selected and become more common n population.
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in this, new species will develop.
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reproductive isolation.
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biogeopgraphy is what?
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continental drift that explain distributions of animals.
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What are an example of homologous structures?
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wings and hands.
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what is homologous structure?
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common ancestral structures adapted for different environments.
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this is a great deal of similarity in early embryonic stages of very different animals
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embryology
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humans evolved from chimpanzees. T or False. if false why?
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False, they evolved from a common ancestor but have 98% of same DNA.
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Primate Evolution is what? example?
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proposed common ancestor. arboreal tree shrub. squirrel like.
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Rotating shoulder, nails instead of claws, opposable thumb, single birth are all characteristics of what?
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primate evolution.
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When was the earliest hominid in linage of homo sapiens?
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5 million years ago.
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what does bipedalism mean?
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ability to walk on two legs.
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what is the benefit for walking on two legs?
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increase in usage of your hands (manual exterity)
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Bipedalism, increase brain size, flatten face, and arboreal and terrestrial area all trends in what?
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evolution of humans.
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Homohabilis where what?
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first to use tools.
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homo erectus where first to use tools. T or F
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false, homohabilis were.
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Homo sapians and homo neanderthalenses both existed around the same time. T or F?
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True.
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meiosis accurs in all cells of actively growing organisms. T or F
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False.
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In prophase of meiosis I, there are two identical strands of chromatids. T or F?
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True.
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Homo erectus first evolved where?
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Africa
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what is the hypothesis for the homo erectus in africa?
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they migrate out and evolved to homo sapiens then migrate to other continents.
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true or false, alleles represent different forms of the same gene.
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true.
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true or false, a recessive phenotype is only seen in heterozygous offspring.
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false, you can have a recessive homozygous offspring.
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True or false, height is determined by multiple different genes
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true.
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true or false, the first organisms to exist on earth were prokaryotes.
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true.
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the heterozyote shoes a blend of dominant and recessive trait. this demonstrates what?
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incomplete dominance.
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Atomsphere containing CO2, H2, methane, and nitrogen gases with frequent lightning is what?
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A primitive earth.
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example of a homologous structure is what?
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the human hand and bear paw.
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True or False, mature sperm are haploid cells.
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true
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True or false. the cervix is located between the oviduct and the ovary
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False.
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True or False, the spermatogonium cells are located in the epididymis.
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False.
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True or false, in the average 28 day menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs on day one.
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False.
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what does the prostate gland produce?
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Bicarbonate that helps neutralize the acids in the reproductive tract.
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After meiosis I, what do the resulting cells contain?
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x-shaped chromosomes.
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what carries the sperm from the epidermis to the urethra?
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vas deferens.
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what is estrogen secreted by?
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ovary.
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what does the estrogen secreted cause?
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thickening of the uterine endometrium
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what is the order of mitosis?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
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What do the DNA appear as in a non-dividng cell? (G1 phase)
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uncoiled, loosely packed.
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what happens in anaphase?
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two copied chromosome separate and move to opposite ends of cell.
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in this, the chromosomes line up in pairs two by two in middle of cell.
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metaphase I of meiosis.
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what do spomaticgomia undergo?
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meiosis
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phenotype deals with what?
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the physical appearance of a trait.
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