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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which is the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? |
vena cava>right atrium>right ventricle>pulmonary artery |
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the development of limbs is the most significant event in the evolution of... |
vertibrates |
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double fertilization occurs in ___ and produces ___ and ___ |
angiosperms...the embryo...endosperm |
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the structure that is part of the gametophyte and produces sperm is the |
antheridium |
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in which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? |
bryophyte |
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the major mechanism driving xylem flow is___. plants ___ need to expend energy to drive xylem flow by this process. |
transpiration/cohesion/adhesion...do not |
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hemocyanin is the respiratory pigment of ___ and uses ___ as the oxygen binding component. |
arthropods... copper |
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which structures permit gas exchange in plants? |
stamtes in leaves, lenticels in stems, aerenchyma in roots |
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which of the following is true regarding the nasal passage? |
it is involved with warming inhaled air |
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the adult stem cells found in red bone marrow from which all blood cells are derived from are called... |
hemocytoblasts |
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in angiosperms, the pollen grain is the... |
male gametophyte |
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re-ingesting cecotrophes is important for the nutritional balance of ... |
rabbits |
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in which phylum do you see organisms that possess an osta, porocytes, chanocytes and sclerocytes? |
porifera |
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in which major plant group did the true vascular system first appear? |
ferms |
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which of the following is/are characteristic of all primates? |
opposable thumbs |
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birds have 3 types of feathers. what is the purpose of secondary feathers? |
close to the body and provide lift |
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in which of the following are there valves to prevent blood from following in the wrong direction? |
veins and between the atria and ventricles of the heart |
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what helps facilitate flight in birds? |
pneumatic bone |
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what happens on the source end of phloem tubes? |
loading of sugars into phloem causes inflow of water by osmosis |
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features advantageous for terrestrial life possessed by reptiles but not amphibians? |
keratinized scales, amnionic fluid |
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`what is the function of amnionic membrane? |
produces fluid that bathes and protects embryo |
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phase of the life cycle of land plants that produce spores is the... |
sporophyte |
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activation of pepsin in the stomach.... |
starts chemical digestion of protein in the stomach |
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bony skeleton, swim bladder, gills, and being covered in scales best describes |
osteichthyes |
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mychorrihzal fungi |
transfer mineral ions that benefit the plant |
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from an evolutionary standpoint, pterosaurs are important because |
they were the first tetrapods that had wings which gave rise to birds |
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clade of mammals that have the best developed placenta? |
eutherians |
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what is the benefit of having a 4 chambered heart? |
more oxygen delivered |
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what do all chordates have in common? |
notochord |
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in both the lungs and body tissue... |
both o2 and co2 diffuse passively down their gradient |
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heterosporous ferns |
have sperm and egg producing structures on separate gametophytes |
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cnidariand have 2 body types. where is medusa absent? |
anthozoa |
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animals that are classified as frugivores are |
herbivores |
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the reproductive structure in annelids that lacks segmentation is called the |
clitellum |
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bile___ |
emulsifies fats in the duodenum |
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two characteristics of gymnosperms that are not present in ferns are |
seeds and pollen |
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peristalsis |
smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus |
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characteristic that all mollusca have in common |
muscular foot |
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what form of nitrogen can plants use |
in atmosphere fixed by soil and organic decomposed by soil |
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all plants are photoautotrophs. they obtain their energy from ___ and need ___ as a course of carbon. |
light... only co2 |
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what are essential nutrients? |
must be in diet because we can't make them |
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in which plant group is water necessary for sperm to swim to egg in reproduction? |
bryophytes and ferns |
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the disaccharide lactose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides ? |
fructose , galactose |
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correct order of small intestine |
duodenum, jejunum, ilium |
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ovoviviparous |
embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk |
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blood type A+ |
have both A and D antigens on their erythrocytes |
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the existence of multiple pairs of distinct, yet closely related species of snapping shrimp on either side of the isthmus of Panama supports the theory of |
allopatricspeciation |
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two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring develop poorly and fail to reach maturity. what is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? |
postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability |
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what about natural selection is false? |
natural selection causes the creation of new alleles that improve an organisms fitness |
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the first step in the allopatric speciation model is |
geographic isolation of populations |
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the grants studies of the galapagos finches supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating |
microevolutionary changes over a relatively short amount of time |
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nin-branching evolution or the evolution of one species into another without splitting is refereed to as |
anagenesis |
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a rapid mode of sympatric speciation that has been important in the evolution of plants is |
polyploidy |
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what is a biofilm |
a thin layer composed of different bacterial species adhered to a surface and metabolically cooperating |
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a dawinian explanation for the rise of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria is |
under exposure to antibiotics, rare individual cells acquire genes for resistance leave more descendants than non-resistant cells |
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true or false? up to 99% of prokaryotic cells in environmental samples cannot be cultured in a laboratory |
true |
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when endler studies male color patterns in guppies, he found that |
natural selection reduced showy coloration in high predation ponds |
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what is one important difference between bacteria and archaea? |
the chemical composition of bacterial and archael cell alls and membranes are different |
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in darwins scheme, ___ evolve, not ___. |
populations...individuals |
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a saprobe |
decomposes dead organic matter |
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broccoli, cabbages, and brussels sprouts all descended from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. these varieties were produced by |
artificial selection |
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analogous features are those that |
are similar due to convergent evolution |
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microevolution refers to |
changes in the genetic structure of a population over time |
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what is the significance in evolutionary theory of the hawaiin plants called silverswords? |
they are an example of recent adaptive radiation |
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the most inclusive taxonomic level is |
class |
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what generates the genetic variation that natural selection acts upon? |
errors in DNA replication, recombination by crossing over in meiosis, random fertilization in sexual reproduction |
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plant species in both the cactus family and the euphorb family have thick, succulent stems and sharp spines. which do scientists think is true? |
Although the two families are not closely related, natural selection drove the evolution of similar adaptations in response to similar environmental pressures |
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genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result in |
meiosis |
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the definition of darwinian fitness is |
the relative contribution of an individual organism to a gene pool of the next generation |
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the oxygen revolution probably began with the origin of which group of organisms? |
prokaryotes capable of photosynthesis |
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which event in earths history may have been caused by a huge asteroid colliding with earth? |
the end of the dino in cretaceous extinction |
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heterotroph |
requires an organic carbon source |
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what evolutionary innovations appear for the first time in cambrian explosion |
the first adaptations for active predation and hard bodies for defense |
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the only legitimate taxa are |
monophyletic groups |
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a few birds from a large mainland population are accidentally blown by a storm and start a new population on a remote island allele frequencies in the storm blown birds were not representative of allele frequencies in the larger mainland population. this is an example of... |
the founder effect |
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mating pairs of a bird species produce 4-5 eggs per nest. those producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. what kind sod selection is this? |
stabilizing selection |
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what is true and supports the endosymbiont theory of evolution of the eukaryotic mitochondrion? |
the mitochondrion has a double membrane, the inner one related in composition to present day prokaryotic plasma membranes |
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the bones of the forelimbs of human, dogs, birds,a nd whales suggest that these species |
all evolved from a common ancestor because bones are similarly arranged |
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the biological species concept concept cannot be applied to two possibly distinct species that are |
exclusively asexual |
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in b=modern biology, the best classification system is considered thats which |
reflects evolutionary history |
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phylogeny is |
the evolution history of taxa |
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in a population of 100 individuals , the frequency of dom allele A is 0.4. there is a 40 AA genotype in the population. is it evolving? |
yes, not in hardy weinburg equilibrium |
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which of the following assumptions or assumptions or observations is not constant with darwins idea of natural selection |
WHETHER AN ORGANISM SURVIVES AND REPORIDUCES IS MEARLY CHANCE |
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the system of designating each species by a unique latin binomial was originated by |
linnaeus |
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what were the prevailing ideas prior to the time of lyell and darwin |
earth is few thousand years old and populations of species are unchanging |
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approximately how far back does the fossil record extend |
3.5 billion |
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which of the following statement would darwin have disagreed with |
evolution occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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the observational study of crows and whelks presented in class show |
crows conform to the predictions of the optimal foraging theory |
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a species whose life history emphasizes rapid, high reproduction with low parental investment in any single offspring is an example of |
r-selection |
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which is an example of mutalism |
plants and mycorrhizal fungi |
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a small population of a species has the same in truistic rate of increase (r) as a large population. if everything else is equal |
the larger population will add more individuals per unit time |
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what will happen to GFR if you constrict the afferent arteriole with no change in the diameter of the efferent arteriole? |
GFR would increase |
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what is the current CO2 in the atmosphere compared to what it was in the past 400,000 years? |
higher |
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in animals, the kind of behavior that is triggered by a sign stimulus once begun always goes to completion is |
a fixed action pattern |
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urea is |
the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans |
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how do sea birds gain pure water by drinking sea water ? |
they are able to excrete a concentrated salt solution from their nasal salt glands |
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the soil seed bank contributes to revegetation in |
secondary succesion |
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even if the per capita birth rate is at the level that should replace every mating couple, a population can continue to rapidly increase if it has |
a bottom heavy age structure |
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when a plant stem experiences light coming from just one side |
auxin accumulates on the dark side and causes greater cell expansion than on the light side |
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after they were protected by a hunting ban, the south african population of elephants underwent |
exponential growth |
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it is thought that altruistic behaviors may have evolved because they |
increase the inclusive fitness of individuals by benefitting close relatives |
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the fall migration by monarch butterflies is |
an innate behavior |
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why are many of the earths major deserts located about 30 degrees from the equator |
large sclae air movement absorbs moisture from these areas and transports it toward the equator |
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a plant cell is expanding longitudinally. why aspects os the cell wall structure prevents it from expanding transversely ? |
cellulose microfibrils are oriented transversely |
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which interactions between species are +/- ? |
predation, herbivory, parasitism |
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in what sort of species might you see uniform dispersion patterns? |
a territorial species |
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in which nephron segment is most of the filtrate absorbed |
the proximal convoluted tubule |
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in a population undergoing logistic growth, the rate of population increase |
slows as the population approaches k |
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what factors are most responsible for the large scale vegetation zones called biomes |
temperature and rainfall |
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evidence from the ice cores shows that over the past 400,000 years the average global temperature |
has undergone repeated cycles of rising and falling |
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the total water potential of pure water is 0 MPa. dissolving solutes in the water will |
lower the water potential by lowering the solute potential |
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a human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink salt water will |
excrete more water molecules than taken in because of the high amount of sat ingestion |
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to maintain homeostasis, freshwater wish must |
excrete large amounts of diluted urine |
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by about how much did the human population increase since the 1950s |
more than 100% |
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materials are returned to the blood from the glomerular filtrate by which of the following processes? |
reabsorption |
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under what conditions might you observe character dis placement |
when 2 former allopatric species with similar species become sympatric |
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which of the following is the filtering unit of the mammalian kidney |
glomerulus |
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the water potential gradient between a plant rot and the soil |
is reduced in dry soil |
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what might a secondary consumer eat |
a herbivore |
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in a species with a type III survivorship curve |
mortality is higher in early life then falls |
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barnacle species 1 is experimentally removed from a habitat. this results in barnacle species 2 expanding its range. before the removal, species 2 was |
occupying its realized niche |
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the first macroscopic colonizers in primary succession are often |
lichens and bryophytes |
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laboratory populations of small organisms grow in flasks |
exhibit a good fit to the logistic growth curve with a smooth approach to k |
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how does a keystone species affect its community |
a keystone species is numerically abundant, but through predation or other effects increases species diversity in the community |
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the rate of human population increase |
has slowed somewhat in recent decades |
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theory predicts that species diversity |
will be the highest in communities that experience intermediate levels of disturbance |
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which is an example of top-down control of trophic levels within community |
removing a secondary consumer to increase herbivore biomass |
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which is a density-independent factor that could regulate population size |
a prolonged drought |
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species that have more than one reproductive episode during a lifetime are |
iteroparous |
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canadians snowshoe hares and lynx both underwent fairly regular population cycles of boom and bust over most of a century. why? |
lynx prey on hares, so an increase in hares leads to an increase in lynx, which reduces the hares, which reduces the lynx and so on |
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Describe how energy flows through ecosystems. Where does the energy come from? What isit used for? Where does it go? |
Energy enters an ecosystem through photosyntheticprimary producers. Some is passed on to primaryconsumers, then to secondary consumers. |
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Describe how the following materials cycle in ecosystems: H2O, CO2, minerals, O2. |
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Which of the above materials do the primary producers (the photoautotrophs) use, and whatfor? Which materials do they produce as byproducts/waste? |
CO2 to do cellular resiration, they produce O2 |
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Which are used as materials by heterotrophs, and what for? |
O2 for cellular respiration |
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What is the role of decomposers/detritivores in ecosystems? |
provide water and nutrients to the soil for the photoautotrphs to use |
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What is meant by the terms Gross Primary Production, Net Primary Production and NetEcosystem Production? |
Gross Primary Production (GPP): The total amount ofenergy captured and converted to chemical form byphotosynthesis per unit time. Net Primary Production (NPP) equals gross primaryproduction less respiration by the autotrophs (RA). NPP = GPP – RA NPP is referred to as biomass—organic matter minuswater, or dry weight. |
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Which one represents the amount of biomass available to be passed up the food chain? Dodifferent ecosystems differ in this, and why? |
idk |
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Which parameter indicates whether the ecosystem is acting as a carbon source or a carbonsink? |
An ecosystem that is accumulating biomass as a whole is a carbon sink. It accomplishes a net removal of CO2from the atmosphere. |
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What factors limit primary production in aquatic ecosystems? |
Light intensity diminishes exponentially with depth, butlight does not limit production in most aquatic systems(adding more light doesn’t increase production). • Nutrients are usually the limiting factors. |
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In terrestrial ecosystems? |
Sunlight and water are generally more abundant in thetropics. Production is in general higher than intemperate or polar zones. Nitrogen is the most frequent limiting mineral nutrientworldwide. Followed by phosphorus. |
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Define and explain secondary production. |
Secondary Production: The amount of energy in food that is converted to consumer biomass per unit time. • At each consumer trophic level, some energy is used for movement, metabolism, etc. • Only a part is incorporated into biomass—this part is the secondary production. |
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Do different species significantly differ in the efficiency of their secondary production? Why? |
yes |
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Describe the carbon cycle. By what routes is CO2 removed from the atmosphere? Is it storedin living organisms, and what for? |
pollution and consumers release co2, plants intake it, and use it for cellular respiration |
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By what routes does CO2 enter the atmosphere? |
pollution and consumers |
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Are the rates of CO2 removal from the atmosphere and entry into the atmosphere in balance?Why or why not? |
no, trees are being cut down |
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What is an “extinction vortex,” and why are small populations particularly susceptible? |
when interbreeding occurs to try to help population numbers increase, but then they die because of mutations |
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In the Illinois prairie chicken example, how was the extinction vortex countered? |
Population began to recoverwhen birds were brought infrom other states, adding togenetic diversity. |
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Define effective population size. What factors would cause effective population size to differfrom total population size? |
Effective Population Size: those individuals actuallybreeding and exchanging genetic information. (Non breeding individuals don’t contribute to ongoinggenetic diversity.) |
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What was determined to be the cause of the red cockaded woodpecker population decline, andwhat strategy was used to address the problem? |
Slide 1 Controlled fires toremove tallundergrowthrestored the birds’habitat preference |
