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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Enzymes |
-proteins that are catalysts of biochemical reactions -typically has a globular shape -complex 3-D structure |
Human pancreatic amylase |
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Enzymes are biological catalyst |
-Increase the rate of reaction by lowering the energy of activation -Catalyze nearly all the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of the body -Have unique three dimensional shapes that fit the shapes of reactants |
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Enzymes lower a reactions activation energy |
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First clear recognition was made by PAYEN and PERSOZ (around 1833) |
DIASTASE An alcohol precipitate of malt extract contained in a thermolabile substance that converted starch into sugar |
Basic concept |
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Basic concept |
DUCLAUX(1898) use of -ase J.B.Sumner (1924-1930) first to crystallize |
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Basic concept |
-more than 2500 biochemically important enzyme catalyzed reactions -characterized by specifically for substrates |
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Effectors |
Modulates an enzymes activity
-Activators, inhibitors,both, or depending on conditions
SINGLE ENZYME -small single unit to large multiple units |
Basic concept |
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Catalase |
- found in animal and plant cell -needed to speed up the breakdown of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE -breaks it down to OXYGEN and WATER |
the word equation for this looks like this |
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Amylase |
-Found in saliva and in the pancreas -breaks down enzymes -breaks STARCH down to MALTOSE |
Word equation |
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Potato phosphorylase |
-synthesis enzyme (builds up) -builds GLUCOSE-1-PHOSPHATE molecules into STARCH -the formation of starch is tested using iodine solution |
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Enzymes and Reactions |
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Catalytic efficiency |
High efficiency,10^3 to 10^17 faster than the corresponding uncatalyzed reactions |
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Specificity |
High specificity, interacting with one or a few specific substrates and catalyzing only one type of chemical reaction |
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Mild reaction conditions |
37°C, physiological pH, ambient atmospheric pressure |
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Active site (Part of catalysts) |
Part of the enzyme where the reactants bind, where the biochemical reactions occurs |
basic parts of CATALYST |
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Enzyme active site
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-amino acid side chains interact,metal ions -various types of polar, non-polar, ionic interactions |
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Active site |
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Lock and Key Model |
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Basic enzyme diagram |
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Parts of enzyme -Small nonprotein molecules (subunits) |
-cofactors (metal ions) Manganese,zinc, magnesium -prosthetic group (Covalently bonded to the enzyme) |
Parts of an enzymes |
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Holoenzyme |
=apoenzyme+nonprotein part |
Parts of an enzymes |
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Simple,conjugated |
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Cofactors |
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Enzymes -Cofactors |
Metal ions present in trace amounts |
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Metal Ions as cofactors |
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Enzyme cofactors
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Coenzyme -non protein organic, maybe a vitamin |
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Isoenzymes |
Catalyze the same reaction in different tissues in the body |
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EXAMPLE Lactate dehydrogenase |
Converts lactate to pyruvate,(LDH) consists of five isoenzymes |
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Isoenzymes |
Different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction in different tissues in the body -they have slight variations in the amino acid sequences of the subunits of their quaternary structure |
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Classification of enzymes |
-IUPAC -EC -four integer EC number and a name -common name: usually the principal specific reactant +-ase -Does not follow any rule *pepsin *rhodanese |
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Naming Enzymes |
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Classification of Enzymes |
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Oxidoreductase, Transferases and Hydrolases |
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Lyases, Isomerases and Ligases |
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Classification of Enzymes |
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Oxidoreductases |
Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. |
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Transferases |
Catalyze group-transfer reactions |
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Hydrolases |
Catalyze hydrolysis |
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Lyases |
Catalyze lysis of a substrate
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Isomerases |
Catalyze structural change within a single molecule |
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Ligases |
Catalyze ligation, or joining, of two substrates |
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Facilitation of proximity |
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Modes of Enhancement of rates of bond cleavage |
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Covalent Catalysis |
Amino acid side chains: nucleophilic groups |
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Covalent Catalysis: Acetoacetate Decarboxylase |
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Modes of Enhancement of rates of bond cleavage/ catalytic mechanisms |
-General acid-base Catalysis -Binding Energy -Metal-ion Catalysis |
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Acid-Base Catalysis |
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Binding energy catalysis (Method for improving the reactant rate) |
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Metal ion catalysis(method) |
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Modes of Enhancement of rates of bond cleavage/ catalytic mechanisms |
STRAIN, molecular DISTORTION, and shape change |
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Uses of enzymes |
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Cont |
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