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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 general steps involved in cancer?
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1. Initiation - mutation occurs and cell multiplies
2. Progression - angiogenesis, neovascularization, expansion of small tumors 3. Metastasis - colonization in other tissues |
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What are 7 properties of cancer cells?
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1. ignore signals that regulate proliferation
2. no contact inhibition 3. avoid terminal differentiation 4. avoid apoptosis 5. genetically unstable 6. invasive 7. metastasize to foreign sites |
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Are mutations in non-coding regions passed on?
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yes
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How much does a mutation increase in one generation?
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10^6 times
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What kind of population of Ig is found in normal plasma?
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heterogenous
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What kind of population of Ig is found in the plasma of a person with multiple myeloma?
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single Ig species produced by a single clonal population of tumor cells
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What can decrease the incidence of colorectal cancer?
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polypectomy
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What 2 events affecting genes allow adenomas to progress?
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activation of K-ras
loss of 18q TSG |
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Inactivation of which 2 genes causes epithelium to become cancer?
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HPC1 & TP53 tumor suppressors
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Inactivation of which 3 genes allow prostate cancer to metastasize?
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CDH1, TP53, KAI1
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What genes are inactivated to allow epithelial cancer to become localized prostate cancer?
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tumor suppressors like Rb
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What two events regarding genes cause androgen-independent prostate cancer?
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overexpression of BCL-2 oncogene
alteration in androgen receptor |
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What are the differences between an overactivity mutation and an underactivity mutation?
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Overactivity - single mutation creates oncogene
Underactivity - mutations in both genes eliminate a tumor suppressor |
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What 2 events allow for tumor proliferation?
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stem cell fails to produce a non-stem cell in each division daughter cells fail to differentiate normally
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What does the cell cycle checkpoint in M monitor?
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improper spindle formation
prevents aneuploidy (gain or loss of chromosomes) |
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What do the cell cycle checkpoint in G1 and G2 monitor?
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DNA damage
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What does the cell cycle checkpoint in S monitor?
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unreplicated DNA
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What are 7 mechanisms that may be disrupted in cancer?
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nucleotide-excision repair
base excision repair mismatch repair recombination repair chromosome segregation changes in CpG-island methylation |
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How does inherent genomic instability affect tumors?
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leads to highly tissue-specific tumors
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What is caused by mutations in MMR genes?
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colorectal and endometrial cancers
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Mutations in what genes lead to colorectal and endometrial cancers?
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MMR genes
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What is caused by mutations in XP genes?
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xeroderma pigmentosum
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Mutations in what genes lead to xeroderma pigmentosum?
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XP genes
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