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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The catabolic pathways of fuel metabolism produce energy todrive?
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Anabolic pathways and other energy-requiring physiological processes |
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The energy to make ATP comes fromthe __ of carbon atoms Loss of electrons is? Gain of electrons is? |
Oxidation of carbon atoms Loss of electrons = oxidation Gain of electrons = reduction |
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Asaturated carbon oxidized to an unsaturated carbon makes how many ATP?
An alcohol oxidized to an aldehydeor ketone can make how many ATP? An alcohol oxidized to a carboxylicacid can make how many ATP? Everyone of these reactions removeshow many electrons and hydrogen? |
saturated--> unsaturated: 2 ATP alcohol--> aldehyde/ketone: 3 ATP alcohol --> carboxylic acid: 4 ATP All remove 2 e- and 2 H+ |
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What is a covalent bond? What are the 6 atoms that form covalent bonds? |
A pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Nitrogen -Sulfur -Phosphorus |
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Valence is the number of bondsformed by an atom What is the valence of Hydrogen? Carbon?
Oxygen? Nitrogen? Sulfur? Phosphorus? |
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What is the most electronegative atom? Whatis the least most electronegative atom? |
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N, S, and O have non bonded electron pairs Nin NH3 has a tendency to __ a hydrogen atom Oin a water molecule has a tendency to __ a hydrogen atom |
N in NH3 has a tendency to capture a hydrogen atom O in a water molecule has a tendency to release a hydrogen atom (more electronegative) |
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Whatis resonance?
What stabilizes the resonantstructure? |
Sharing of e- between 3 or more atoms Delocalization stabilizes resonant structure |
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Which is the most stable in the cell? |
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Are what type of bonds? |
Non covalent bonds |
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Strength of hydrogen bond (H atom inpolar covalent bond and unpaired e-) is dependent on what 2 things? Electrostatic/Ionic (force between+ and – atoms) bond dependson? Hydrophobic bonds push non polarmolecules together because they preferto associate with water molecules |
Distance and orientation Distance only |
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What is the proton donor? Whatis the proton acceptor |
Acid = proton donor Base = proton acceptor |
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describe the equation |
AH = acid A = base |
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What is the universal medium of proton exchange? |
Water = can act as an acid or base |
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Watercan donate a proton to itselfWhat is the water constant Kw? |
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What is the definition of pH? High pH means? Lower pH means? |
pH = -log[H+] High pH = low H concentration Low pH = high H concentration |
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Ka = aciddissociation constant Ka isthe H+ concentration at which exactly half of A is protonated What does it mean if Ka=H+ |
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pKa= ?
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pKa = -logKa |
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What does it mean when pH = pKa? |
Half of A is unprotonated and the other half is protonated |
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WhenpH is one unit higher than pKa whatdoes this mean? When pH is one unit lower than pKa, what does this mean? |
High pH = low H concentration = favors dissociation, so more than half of A will be dissociated Low pH = high H concentration = favors protonation, so more than half will be protonated |
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Eachmolecule spends half its time as COOH and half as COO-, so it has a averagednet charge of? |
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Buffers work well when the pH is near? What is the most importantphysiological buffer? How does bicarbonate evaporate acidity? |
pH is near their pKa
buffers are weak acids or weak bases Bicarbonate The bicarbonate buffer system allows the body to convert H+ from metabolic acids into gaseous CO2 that can be exhaled |
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What is a peptide bond? Becauseof resonance, peptide bonds have a partial double bond character making them? |
Connects amino acid by joining the carboxyl groupof each amino acid to the alpha amino group of the adjacent amino acid Planar and rigid |
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How many amino acids are necessary for the minimum size of asmall enzyme for catalytic activity |
120 amino acids |
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primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure Myoglobin is what structure? Hemoglobin is what structure? |
1=polypeptide chain 2=alpha helices with repeated organized conformation 3=secondary structures combined 4=subunit structure Myoglobin = tertiary Hemoglobin = quaternary |
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Primary structure is held together by? Thefolded structures of Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary is held together by? Secondarystructures like the alpha helix or beta sheet are held together by what bonds? |
Covalent Non-covalent Hydrogen bonds between the C=O and N-H atoms of peptide bonds |
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Collagen chains associate into? Which is what kind of structure? Onlypolypeptides with __ at everythird position in amino acid sequence can forma this |
Triple Helixes Secondary Glycine |
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Thefolding elements of a secondarystructure to form a tertiary structure includewhat 4 bonds? |
1. ionic bonds 2. hydrogen bonds 3. hydrophobic bonds (most important) 4. disulfide bonds (only outside the cell |
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Saliva has a protective effect on dental enamel, why? Alcohol can result in vomiting and dehydration, how doesthis affect bicarbonate and saliva? When you hyperventilate, what happens to the pH? Hypoventilation causes pH to? |
Bicarbonate in saliva is a protective adaptive response that reduces the acidity in the mouth Bicarbonate cannot buffer the strong stomach acid to protect teeth and dehydration means less saliva=less bicarbonate Hyperventilate=pH goes up and alkanizes blood (due to CO2 depletion) Hypoventilate = pH goes down (CO2 goes up) - holding your breath |
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pH of 7.4? |
Higher pH = less H = -1 Lower pH = more H = +1 Higher pH = less H = -1 Overall net charge = -1 |