Biochemistry Midterms

who first introduced biochemistry

Biochemistry means

biochemistry deals with

Branches of biochemistry

studies the chemical basis of human body

studies clinical diseases or pathological conditions

studies microbes

studies plants

studies animals

studies industrial products involved with microorganisms

smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions

all living things are made up what?

cells come from pre existing cells through

types of cells

this cell do not have structures surrounded by membranes

this cell only has fe internal structure

one-celled organism

this cell has no nucleus

this cell contains organelles surrounded by membranes

most living organisms are composed of this cell

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall

outer membrane of the cell; controls movement in and out of the cell; double layer

found in plant cells and bacteria; supports and protects cells

directs all cell activities; separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane; contains dna

surrounds nucleus; 2 layers; allows material to enter and leave the nucleus

located in the nuclear; made of dna; contain instructions for traits and characteristics

located inside the nucleus; contains rna to build proteins

a gel-like mixture; surrounded by cell membrane; contains hereditary material such as genetic information

moves materials around in the cell; has 2 types- smooth and rough

a type of ER that lacks ribosomes

a type of ER that has ribosomes embedded on the surface

there are thousands pf this in the cell; make proteins; floating throughout the cell

produces energy through chemical reactions; controls water level and other materials; recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

digestive plant for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates; transports undigested materials to cell membrane

membrane bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal; contains water solution; help plants maintain shape

found in plant cells; green chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis

this is produced by living organisms

made up of compound carbon

building blocks of life

what are the 4 biomolecules

monomer of carbohydrates

monomers of lipids

monomer of proteins

monomer of nucleic acid

atoms of water

the atoms of water are held together by a

shape of the water molecule

7 properties of water

positive and negative charged ions

the ability of water to flow upward against the force of gravity due to cohesion and adhesion

cohesion

adhesion

a measure of the force necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost before it actually changes temperature

the cooling of a surface occurs when the liquid evaporates

measure of how compact the atoms or molecules are within a substance or how much mass there is in a given space

water is solvent

dissolves particles

gets dissolved

are macromolecules composed of amino acids linked together through peptide bonds

one of the 20 a-amino acids normally found in proteins

an organic compound that contains both amino (-NH2) group and a carboxyl (-COOH) group

an amino acid in which the amino group and the carboxyl group are attached to the alpha carbon atom

structure of amino acid

the same for all amino acids

2 groups present in amino acids in the same molecules

amino acids found in proteins

always found on the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group

also called side chains which make each AA unique and distinctive

grouped as non polar hydrophobic polar neutral basic and acidic

glycine alanine valine leucine isoleucine

proline

phenylalanine tyrosine tryptophan

serine threonine tyrosine

cysteine methionine

histidine lysine arginine

aspartic acid glutamic acid asparagine glutamine

classification of amino acids according to the side-chain polarity

contains one amino group and one carboxyl group and non-polar side chain hydrophobic 9 nonpolar amino acids

contains one amino group one carboxyl group and a side chain that is polar but neutral six amino acids

R groups are nonpolar hydrophobic-aliphatic or aromatic groups

r groups are and charged

aasar in soluble in h2o

R groups are polar: -OH, -SH, -NH2

R groups are highly reactive

AAs are soluble in h2o that is hydrophilic

this one amino group and to carboxyl groups the second carboxyl group being part of the side chain

(2AA) the side-chain bears a negative charge

contains two amino groups and one carboxyl group the second amino group being part of the side chain (3AA) the side-chain bears a positive charge

Basic AAs

Acidic AAs

examples of acidic amino acids

examples of basic amino acids I

examples of basic amino acids II

no of essential amino acids

no of nonessential amino acids

non-superimposed molecules

mirror image

four different group bounded to the alpha carbon

except for glycine all amino acids have

the amino acids found in proteins are all

have a tendency to lose protons H+ producing a negatively charged species

have a tendency to accept protons H+ juicing positively charged species

capability of behaving as both an acid and a base since they have both a proton donor group and a proton acceptor group

a molecule that has a positive charge on one atom and a negative charge on another atom but which has no net charge

in this solution, the zwitterion accepts a proton to form a positively charged ion

in this solution the NH3 of the zwitterion loses a proton and a negatively charged species is formed

three different amino acid in a solution

is the ph at which an amino acid solution has no net charge because an equal number of positive and negative charges are present

is the process of separating charged electrode associated with an electric field

unbranched chain of amino acid

how is a peptide classified

a type of peptide that contains two amino acids

a type of peptide that contains three amino acid

a type of peptide that has 10 to 20 amino acids

a type of peptide that has more than 20 amino acids and is a long on branched chain of amino acids each joined to the next by a peptide bond

it is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of its next amino acid with the elimination of one h2o molecule

is formed and lost when two amino acids combine

working molecule of the cell

function of protein

function of protein

regulation of

function of protein

catalysis of

function of protein

transportation of

classification of proteins according to shape

biochemical catalyst called enzymes

antibodies, central to functioning of the body's immune system

hemoglobin

transmit signals

insulin

collagen

bind small molecules for future use

myoglobin

important in the early stages of lie from embryo to infant

casein in milk

composed of only amino acid unit and on hydrolysis yield only amino acids

contain another type of molecule or compound attached to the amino acid unit and on hydrolysis yield amino acids and that other molecule

denatured proteins tend to

protein packaging plant; move materials out of the cell