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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enzyme produced by the kidney |
Renin |
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Renin function |
Starts renin - angiotensin aldosterone system - secretion of aldosterone |
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List 2 hormones produced by kidneys |
Calcitriol, erythropoeitin |
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Name of fibrous tissue surrounding kidney |
Fibrous capsule |
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Function of fibrous capsule of kidney |
Give structural support and trauma protection |
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Where is erythropoeitin produced in the kidney |
In the renal cortex |
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Function of the renal columns |
Supportive framework for vessels entering/leaving cortex |
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What structure collects urine from pyramids |
Minor calyx |
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Structure from convergence of minor calyces |
Major calyx |
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What is the renal pelvis |
Region where major calyces join |
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Which layer of filtration membrane of kidneys keeps big proteins in plasma |
Endothelium |
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Layer of filtration membrane that keeps albumin in plasma |
Basal lamina |
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Layer of filtration membrane that keeps red blood cells in plasma |
Endothelium |
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List the 3 layers of the filtration membrane of the glomerulus |
Endothelium, basal lamina, slit membrane |
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Name of mucosa in ureters |
Urothelium |
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Define albuminuria |
Excess albumin in urine from increased permeability of filtration membrane |
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Define glucoseuria |
Excess glucose in urine from diabetes mellitus, stress |
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Define hematuria |
Red blood cells in urine from kidney stones, tumor, trauma, kidney disease |
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Define ketonuria |
Ketone bodies in urine from diabetes mellitus, anorexia, starvation, low dietary carbohydrates |
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Define bilirubinuria |
Bilirubin present in urine from destroyed rbcs |
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Define urobilinogenuria |
Urobilinogen in urine from hemolytic or pernicious anemia, hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, mono |
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What are casts in urine |
Hardened masses of cells flushed from tubules of red and white blood cells and epithelial cells |
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What causes urine to have higher specific gravity than distilled water |
Glucose |
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Define hemodialysis |
Artificial blood filtering due to kidney failure |
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What causes formation of renal calculi |
Dehydration, high salt and sugar in diet |
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What stims secretion of renin |
Low blood volume and pressure |
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Fxn of angiotensin 2 |
Stim release of aldosterone |
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Target tissue of adh |
Principle cells of distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts |
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What tissues form the serosa of the duodenum |
Mesothelium and epithelium |
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Name of gland that secretes alkaline mucous in duodenum |
Brunner's gland |
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Layers that make up the mucosa layer of the duodenum |
Muscularis mucosa, mucous membrane, lamina propria |
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What duct from the pancreas empties directly into the duodenum |
Accessory duct |
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What duct from the pancreas joins the bile duct, and name the duct after joining |
Pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic duct |
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What are the 3 ducts of the liver |
Left hepatic, right hepatic, and common hepatic |
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What two ducts join to form the common bile duct |
Cystic duct of the gallbladder, and the common hepatic duct |
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Name the area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join |
Hepatopancreatic ampulla |
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What is the area where pancreatic and bile duct drain |
Major duodenal papilla |
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Name the small intestine folds |
Circular folds |
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Differentiate small and large intestines by epithelium |
Small has Villi, large does not |
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What are the 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the large intestine |
Teniae coli |
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Parietal cells of stomach |
Hcl, intrinsic factor |
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What activates trypsinogen |
Enterokinase |
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Function of duodenal glands |
Secrete alkaline mucous |
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Function of intestinal glands |
Secrete intestinal juice |
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List 4 retroperitoneal organs |
Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ascending colon |
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Function of stomachs inner oblique muscle |
Mechanical digestion of food by churning |
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Function of follicle stimulating hormone in males |
Control sperm production |
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Function of luteinizing hormone in males |
Stimulate testosterone production |
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5 main functions of estrogens |
Promote development and maintenance of female repro organs Control fluid and electrolyte balance Increase protein anabolism Contribute to female sex drive Inhibit fsh secretion |
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Functions of progesterone |
Work with estrogens to prep endometrium for implantation and breasts for milk secretion |
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What layer of the endometrium degenerates during the menstrual cycle |
Functional layer |
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What happens to secondary ovarian follicles that don't finish maturing |
Die off via astresia |
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What cells secrete follicular fluid in the ovaries |
Granulosa cells |
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What surrounds secondary oocytes |
Corona radiata and zona pellucida |
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Name the ruptured follicle that becomes the corpus luteum |
Corpus hemmorhagicum |
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Name the structure the Corpus luteum degenerates into if no pregnancy occurs |
Corpus albicans |
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What hormones maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy |
Human chorionic gonadotropin |
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Name of first and last uterine cycle |
First: menarche Last: menopause |
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What occurs in the follicular phase of thr ovarian cycle |
Fsh promotes oocyte development |
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What occurs in the ovulation stage of the ovarian cycle |
Lh stims ovulation |
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What occurs in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle |
Mature follicle collapses to become corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogens |
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What occurs in the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle |
Stratum functionalis degenerates and sheds, endometrial glands empty |
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What occurs in the proliferative phase of uterine cycle |
New functionalis forms, fsh and lh promote ovarian estrogen production, estrogens dominant hormone |
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What occurs in the secretory phase of uterine cycle |
Endometrial glands fill, endometrium thickens, fsh increases, progesterone dominant |
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Source, target tissue, and function of estrogen |
Source: ovary Target: uterus, ovary, breasts, brain Function: promote secondary sex trait development and repro structures, inhibit release of gnrh, fsh, lh |
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Source, target, and function of progesterone |
Source: ovary Target: endometrium - maintain functionalis Target: mammary glands - stim formation of alveoli |
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Name the two acrosomal enzymes |
Hyaluronidase, acrosin |
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What is the acrosomal reaction |
The reaction which releases the acrosomal contents |
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Morula vs blastocyst |
Blastocyts is a hollow ball of zygote cells, morula is a solid ball of zygote cells |
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What life stage of the zygote implants in the endometrium |
Blastocyst |
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What are the 3 layers of the blastocyst |
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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What develops from the endoderm |
Linings of respiratory and gi tracts |
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What develops from the mesoderm |
Muscles, bone, cartilage, circulatory system, lymphatic system |
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What develops from the ectoderm |
Epidermis, lining of hollow organs |
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What develops from the trophoblast cells |
Placenta |
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What develops from the embryoblast cells |
Primitive endoderm and the epiblast |
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Functions of umbilical vesicle |
Nourish embryo, develop a chorion for cushioning, site for gas exchange and nutrient exchange before placenta |
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What forms amniotic fluid |
Maternal plasma, fetal urine |
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Amniotic fluid functions |
Cushions fetus, allows for movement for skeletomuscular development, aids in formation of fetal gi tract |
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How does the chorion protect the fetus from maternal immune responses |
It forms an extra barrier between the fetal and mater blood, slowing exchange |
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Materials that cross placenta other than nutrients, wastes, oxygen, co2 |
Human chorionic gonadotropin, alcohol, nicotine, human placental lactogen |
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Define allantois |
Small vascularized membrane that forms from the wall of umbilical cord. Functions in circulatory system development, and urinary bladder development |
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Function of human chorionic gonadotropin |
Maintain corpus luteum |
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What hormones are produced by the placenta |
Human chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin |
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Explain stage of dilation, expulsion, and placental stage |
Dilation: cervix dilates Expulsion: cervix is pushed open by head of fetus, fetus delivered Placental stage: expulsion of placenta and amniotic sac |
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What is present in urine to make a pregnancy test positive |
Human chorionic gonadotropin |
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How could a pregnancy test give a false positive |
If lh levels are high |
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What is colostrum and it's importance |
First milk produced, rich in immunoglobulin A to help protect infant from infection |
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List 4 male secondary sex traits |
Male hair patterns, vocal changes, facial hair, increased muscle mass |
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How do the epididymal ducts move sperm |
Via peristalsis |
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What structures store sperm |
Epididymides, vas deferens, |
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Where is sperm produced |
Seminiferous tubules |
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Where is testosterone produced in the testes |
In interstitial Endocrine cells |
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Where does sperm mature |
Epididymis |
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What substances are produced in the seminal glands and function of each |
Prostaglandins: softens mucous of cervix and induce reverse contractions in some female reproductive parts Nutrients to support sperm Fibrinogen to clot semen and keep sperm in the female |
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Substances secreted by prostate and function |
Proteolytic enzymes to break down clotting agents in ejaculate Fibrinolysin to break down clotting agents in ejaculate |
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Functions of substances from bulbourethral gland |
Lubricate and neutralize acid in urethra |
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What fills with blood in an erection |
The two corpora cavernosa penis |
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Name of foreskin |
Prepuce |
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What are the three parts of the urethra in males |
Prostatic, membranous, spongy |
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What part of the urethra helps hold urine in during an erection |
Membranous urethra |
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Name the 3 uterine layers |
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
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Hormone that induces contractions and hormone that inhibits |
Induce: oxytocin Inhibit: progesterone |
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Name the two layers of the uterine endometrium |
Functional layer, basal layer |
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What consists of the vulva |
Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule |
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What connects the ovary to the side of the uterus |
Ovarian ligaments |
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What is the function of the round ligaments in females |
Maintain anteversion position of uterus in pregnancy |
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What catches the ovulated oocyte |
Fimbriae of the infundibulum |
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Define synapsis in meiosis |
Pairing of homologous chromosomes for crossing over |
