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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cephalic
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head region
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cervical
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neck region
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thoracic
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chest region
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brachial
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arm region
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lumbar
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lower back region
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axillary
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armpit region
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anterior
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front direction
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posterior
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back direction
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ventral
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front direction (animals)
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dorsal
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back direction (animals)
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superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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cranial
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towards the head
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caudal
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towards the tail
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medial
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towards the center
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lateral
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away from the center
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proximal
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towards attached base
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distal
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away from attached base
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superficial
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near the surface
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deep
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farther from the surface
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transverse plane
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divides the body into superior and inferior sections (horizontal plane)
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frontal (coronal) plane
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divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
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sagittal
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divides the body into right and left sections
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epithelial tissue
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sheets of tightly packed cells; cover the exterior of the body, line cavities, passageways, etc.
primary function is physical protection, absorption & excretion |
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apical surface
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exposed surface of epithelial tissue
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basal lamina
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the basement membrane that epithelial tissue is bound to
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simple epithelium
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single layer of cells (less protection)
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stratified epithelium
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multiple layers of cells (more protection)
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simple squamous epithelium
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broad, flat, single layered
for absorption & diffusion lines the peritoneal cavity |
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stratified squamous epithelium
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squamous at apical layer
high stress areas (tongue, etc.) |
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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square with round nucleus in center, provides limited protection, good for secretion & absorption, found in glands
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stratified cuboidal epithelium
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rare, offers protection, secretion, & absorption, found in ducts of sweat & mammary glands
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transitional epithelium
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stretches and recoils (stomach and bladder)
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simple columnar
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rectangular, tall, high secretion & absorption, microvilli at surface, covers intestinal & lining
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pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium
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appears stratified but has cilli not microvilli (longer hairs), found in nasal cavity, trachea, etc.
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stratified columnar epithelium
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rare, has elongated nuclei, more layers for protection, found in urethra, pharynx & salivary glands
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connective tissue functions
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support, fluid transport, organ protection, surround and connect other tissues, energy storage (lipids), defense from microorganisms
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connective tissue proper
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2 types (loose and dense)
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areolar connective tissue
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a loose connective tissue, distorts & returns, binds epithelium to underlying tissue (long strand-like)
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adipose connective tissue
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a loose connective tissue, offers padding, insulation, shock absorption (marshmallow)
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reticluar connective tissue
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a loose connective tissue, 3-dimensional reticular fibers for organ support, stabilization of vessels & nerves
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dense connective tissue
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fibrous tissues, densely packed collagen fibers for strength, 2 types are tendons and ligaments
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tendons
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attach muscle to bone, dense connective tissue
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aponeurosis
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tendonous sheet (dense connective tissue), attaches broad flat muscle to another muscle or bone
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ligaments
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connect bone to bone, dense connective tissue
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fluid connective tissue
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blood and lymph (cells & proteins)
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supporting connective tissue
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cartilage or bone
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chondrocytes
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cartilage cells
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hyaline
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type of cartilage that offers stiff, flexible support, reduces friction, covers bones & sinovial joints (ribs, sternum)
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elastic
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type of cartilage, maleable support, tolerates distortion (oracle-ear)
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fibrocartilage
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type of cartilage, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement (inbetween vertebrae, miniscus)
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osseous tissue
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bone
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osteocytes
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bone cells
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smooth muscle tissue
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movement is involuntary, non-striated, lines walls of digestive system, etc.
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skeletal muscle
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contraction is voluntary, striated filament in bundles, multinucleated
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cardiac muscle
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contraction is involuntary, found only in the heart, short branched
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neurons
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type of neural tissue, conduct electrical impulses, looks like it has a tail
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neuroglia
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type of neural tissue, supplies nutrients to neruons, no tail
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cutaneous membrane
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one of the 2 major components of the integumentary system, includes the epidermis and dermis (underlying connective tissue, loose areolar tissue)
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accessory structures
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one of the 2 major components of the integumentary system, hair nails & glands
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6 functions of the integumentary system
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protection
excretion of salt, water, & waste maintenance of body temperature synthesis of vitamin D3 storage of lipids detects and relays stimuli |
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basal lamina
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basement membrane, site of attachment for the epithelium
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stratum germinativum
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deepest layer of the epidermis, separates it from areolar, increases surface area for strength, contains stem cells
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stratum spinosum
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2nd deepest layer of epidermis, cells migrate from the stratum germinativum, contains langerhans cells for the immune system
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stratum granulosum
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3rd deepest layer of epidermis, cells begin to dehydrate and die, grainy
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stratum lucidum
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2nd most superficial layer of epidermis, flat dense & keratin filled, only found in the palms and balls of the feet
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stratum corneum
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most superficial layer of epidermis, 15-30 layers of keratinized, protective skin
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dermis
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connective tissue just under the epidermis
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papillary layer
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top layer of dermis, nipple-like stuff under the epidermis, areolar tissue, capillaries, sensular neurons
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reticular layer
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bottom layer of dermis (from paillary layer to fat), dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers, contains accessory organs
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arteries
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red
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veins
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blue
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nerves
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yellow
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lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
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watermelon thing, receptor sensitive to deep pressure (think pressure=pacinian)
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tactile (meissner's) corpuscle
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cranberry thing, in papillary layer, sensitive to light and touch
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merocrine sweat gland
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small white, everywhere, aid in thermoregulation (ecrine glands)
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apocrine sweat gland
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large green, stinky gland, armpits and pubic area, produces BO (think green=stinky)
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sebaceous gland
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produces oil to protect hair from bacteria (purple mushroom thing)
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if it's asking about a hair layer it is the ____ if it's asking about an area/section it's the ____
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cuticle, shaft
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arrector pili muscle
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muscle attached to the hair follice, produces goosebumps
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hair root
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anchors hair into skin
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hair shaft
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hair sticking out of the skin
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hair bulb
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part of the follicle, bulge at the bottom
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hair papilla
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nerves & capillaries, connective tissue
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connective tissue sheath
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purple, surrounds hair follicle
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glassy membrane
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sky blue, inside connective tissue sheath, does not reach skin surface
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external root sheath
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yellow, inside glassy membrane, does not reach skin surface
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internal root sheath
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light brown, inside external root sheath, does not reach skin surface
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cuticle of hair
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shiny part, surface of hair, outside of skin
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cortex of hair
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dark brown, inside of cuticle
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medulla of hair
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white (core), inside cortex
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subcutaneous layer
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not part of the integumentary system, areolar and adipose tissue that helps support the integumentary system
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epidermis layers from exposed to deep
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stratum corneum
stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum germinativum basal lamina |
