Biol 235

is the science of body structures and the relationships among them

is the science of body functions

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. system

6. organismal

the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

two or more atoms joined together

the basically structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

Atoms and molecules

1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands

2. Connective tissues connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

3. Muscular tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat

4. Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

structures that are composed of two or more different types if tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

consists of related organs with a common function

any living individual

1. Integumentary system

2. Skeletal system

3. Muscular system

4. Nervous system

5. Endocrine system

6. Cardiovascular system

7. Lymphatic system

8. Respiratory system

9. Digestive system

10. Urinary system

11. Reproductive system

Components: skin and associated structures such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands and oil glands

Functions: protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; makes vitamins D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth and cold

Components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

Functions: support and protect the body; provide surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)

Components: skeletal muscle tissue

Functions: participate in body movements such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat

Components: brain, spinal cord and nerves and special sense organs such as eyes and ears

Functions: generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscle contractions or glandular secretions

Components: hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells in several other organs

Functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones

Components: blood, heart and blood vessels

Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells and helps regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repaid damaged blood vessels

Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels

Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

Components: lungs and air passageway

Functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing our of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

Components: organs of the gastrointestinal tract

Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

Components: kidneys, uterers, urinary bladder, and urethra

Functions: produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of blood; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

Components: gonads and associated organs

Functions: gonads produce gametes (sperm and oocytes) that unit to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; qssociated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk

1. Metabolism

2. Responsiveness

3. Movement

4. Growth

5. Differentiation

6. Reproduction

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into similar components

the building up of complex chemical substances from small, simpler components

the body's ability to detect and respond to changes

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and even tiny structures inside cells

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

refers to either 1) the formation of new fells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or 2) the production of a new individual

is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes

fluid within cells

fluid outside body cells

ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

isn't cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on

any monitored variable ie blood pressure, body temperature

any disruption that changed a controlled condition

1. Receptor

2. Control Center

3. Effector

A body structures that monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to a control center. Ie certain nerve endings in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes, such as a dramatic drop in temperature

Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it relieves from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. Ie. The brain acts as the control center receiving nerve impulses from the skin receptors (temperature change) and generates nerve impulses as outputs.

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Ie when your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). The result is shivering, which generates heat and raises your body temperature.

any abnormality of structure or function

a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Local disease affects one part of or a limited region of the body. Systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts of it.

The science of when, where, and why disease occur and how they are transmitted among individuals.

The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.

subject stands erect facing the observer, arms at their sides, palms forward

lying face down

lying face up

Towards the head, or the upper part of the structure.

Away from the head, or the lower part of the structure.

Near to or at the front of the body.

Near to or at the back of the body.

Near to the midline.

Farther from the midline.

Between two structures.

On the same side of the body as another structure.

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.

Towards the surface of a body.

Away from the surface of a body.

is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. If the sides are equal, meaning it passes through the midline, it is called a midsagittal place or a median plane.

the division of the body or organ into unequal left and right sides.

divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

passes through the body or organ St an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane.

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.

Meninges is three layers of protective issue that line the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

Chest cavity is former by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and the thoracic portion if the vertebral column (backbone).

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

Each surround a lung and contains a small amount of fluid.

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.

A dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Divided into two portions - abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Abdominal contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine. The pelvic contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine and internal reproductive organs

Superior portion; contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine.

Inferior portion; contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

the science of the structure and interactions of matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

the amount of matter in any object, which does not change

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen

the smallest unit of matter

the dense central core of an atom

Positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons - tiny negatively changed electrons orbit thr space around the nucleus

number of protons in an atom

Number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Average mass of all stable atoms of a given elements in Dalton's

atoms of an element that have difference numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

an atom that has a positive or negative changed because it gas unequal numbers of protons and electrons

molecular bond formed between atoms with opposite charges

positively charged ion

negatively charged ion

forms when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

the loss of electrons

the gain of electrons

Usually lack carbon and are structurally simple

Always have carbon, usually have hydrogen and always have covalent bonds

a substance that disassociates into one or more hydrogen ion (H+)

removes h+ from a solution

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharies

3 to 7 carbon atoms/end in -ose

a combination of two monosaccharides combined by dehydration synthesis