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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in success at attracting mates is referred to as ___________________ selection. |
sexual |
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In situations of sexual selection, members of the sex experiencing strong sexual selection will be ____ with one another, whereas members of the sex experiencing weak sexual selection will be ____. |
competitive, choosy |
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if selection for removal of an allele from the population is strong and the mutation rate is low, the equilibrium frequency of the deleterious allele will be____; when selection is weak and mutation rate is high, the equilibrium frequency will be ______ . |
low; high |
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The major genetic effect of inbreeding is to ______. |
increase homozygous genotype in a population |
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Change in allele frequencies within a population due to sampling error is referred to as ______. |
genetic drift |
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In situations of sexual selection, members of the sex experiencing strong sexual selection will be_____ with one another, whereas members of the sex experiencing weak sexual selection will be______. |
competitive, choosy
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A growing body of literature suggests that mutations are surprisingly frequent on a per genome/per generation basis; most are ___________ or ___________. |
neutral/ slightly deleterious |
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The most important source of new genes is probably ___________ the underlying mechanism for this is ___________. |
gene duplication/ unequal crossing over |
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why are mutation rates beneficial? and are they always deleterious? |
allows adaptation to drugs and no they are not all deleterious |
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paralogous genes |
from parent
same species |
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orthologous genes |
from common ancestor
different species |
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Gene inversion |
reduces amount of crossing over. "supergenes" are passed on to gametes |
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duplicate gene outcomes |
-gene retains identity & function -accumulate mutations (lose function or evolve new function) |
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gene family |
set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single gene |
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translocation and what does it occur most in |
breakage and re-annealing of DNA segments occurs in plants or asexual, self fertilizing |
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why is genome duplication important to all life? |
Genome duplications creates mutations. without mutations and new genes, we are not evolving. |
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two major process of gene duplication |
retrotranspotation & unequal crossing over |
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5 hardy weinberg principles |
-no selection, migration, mutation, non-random mating and population is large |
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populations with high frequency, selection pressure is ____. |
low |
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gene flow |
movement of alleles between populations of the same species |
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what methods does gene flow occur? |
-gametes -seeds -individual species |
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why does migration tend to homogenize allele frequencies? |
reduces genetic variation and acts against speciation |
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what 3 effects does migration have on selection? |
-migration can adjust what selection can go against -prevents selection from loosing genetic diversity -migration has a homogenizing impact on pop. receiving alleles |
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genetic drift |
change in allele frequency within a population due to sampling error during the production of zygote/offspring |
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bottleneck effect |
hunting and poaching leads to decrease in population |
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founder effect |
new colony started by a few members of the original population |
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genetic drift leads to loss of _____. |
heterzygosity |
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neutral theory |
-genetic drift has a high influence in a population -smaller population will accrue mutation more frequently than larger pop. |
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selective theory |
-advantageous mutations are common enough that they must be accounted for -rate of substitution will reflect the action of natural selection |
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pseudogene |
genes that have been duplicated that are not funtional |
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purifying selction |
against heterozygous traits, favors homozygous |
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positive section |
favors heterozygous, against homozygous |
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synonymous |
substitution result |
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non-synonymous |
change in amino acid |
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example of non-random mating |
inbreeding |
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is non-random mating a viable mechanism of evolution? |
no because it does not change allele frequencies |
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what does inbreeding depression do? |
reduce fitness and generate offsprings with recessive alleles |
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adaptation |
a trait or traits that increase fitness in it's possesors |
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Overdominance, or heterozygote superiority |
Selection that favors heterozygotes |
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3 important things about adaptation & natural selection |
- differences between species are not always adaptive - not every trait or use of trait is a adaptation -not every adaptation is perfect |
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trade off |
situation in which evolution of increased fitness of one trait causes reduced fitness in another trait; advantageous and disadvantage outcomes |
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constraints (4) |
metabolic, ecological, physical, genetic |
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there has to be _______ in a population for sexual selection. |
variation |
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sexual dimorphism |
any consistent difference between males and females of a species (in physiology, behavior, morphology, etc |
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sexual selection |
differential reproductive success that is solely due to differences in the ability to attract mates |
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parental investment |
the energy and time expended in creating and caring for offspring |
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intrasexual selection |
selection for the ability to compete directly with members of the same sex |
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intersexual selection |
selection for the ability to attract the opposite sex (non competitive) |
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examples on intersexual selection (3) |
courtship displays, songs, coloration |
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examples of intrasexual selection (3) |
combat, sperm competition, infanticide |
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how does female choosiness benefit them? |
allows them to choose the best mate that will hopefully put in as much parental investment |
