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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the pleural layers is known as: |
pleurisy. |
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What is the functional relationship between haemoglobin and pH? |
As pH drops, HbO2 saturation decreases. |
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If you have maximally exhaled all the air you can (ERV+VT), what is the amount you can now inhale forcefully? |
vital capacity |
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Protein's are quite hard to digest. WHY? |
they have a complex three-dimensional folded shape. |
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The liver does NOT produce: |
Digestive enzymes |
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In order for glycolysis to proceed, what need not be present? |
Oxygen. |
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The movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration is known as: |
active transport |
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What type of epithelium lines the trachea? Why? |
pseudostratified squamous epithelium This type of epithelium produces mucous and has a layer and is ciliated, making it idea for the trapping of inhaled foreign materials and the pushing of them up toward the pharynx. Mucous escalator mechanism. |
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What is 1 advantage of and one disadvantage of parenteral drug administration? |
Advantage: they are good for an immediate physiological response, being fast acting. Disadvantage: it can be uncomfortable or distressing for the patient, especially in the young. It is also not as safe as methods that avoid breaking the skin. |
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Name 2 primary functions of the kidney and 2 secondary functions of the kidney. |
Primary: 1) Excretion: the filtration and removal of metabolic wastes and drugs from the body. 2) Osmoregulation: important in the maintenance of water, electrolyte and fluid balance Secondary: 1) Renin production, which helps regulation BP. 2) Erythropoietin production: for the stimulation of red blood cell production. |
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The process of bone growth where initial cartilage templates are converted to bone is called __________ ossification. |
Intramembraneous |
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What type of cell maintains the bone matrix? |
Osteocyte. |
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What needs to be released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger the muscles to contract? |
Acetylcholine |
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What products are absorbed in the stomach? |
Almost nothing is absorbed via the stomach, and we were told in lectures that nothing is absorbed. However some small molecules can be absorbed via the stomach in the right circumstances, including some medications (like aspirin) and caffeine. |
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What products are absorbed in the large intestine? |
10% of nutrients will be absorbed at this later stage Vitamin K |
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What part of the brain detects rising blood co2 levels? |
The respiratory control centres located within the medulla oblongata |
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Which muscles are involved in normal inspiration? |
External intercostals + diaphragm |
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What muscles are involved in normal expiration? |
The external intercostals + diaphragm (note this is elastic recoil and very passive) |
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What happens, pressure wise, to make inspiration happen? |
As the external intercostals + diaphragm increase the volume of the lungs, the inter-pleural pressure reduces to 754 and lung pressure to decrease to 758, meaning air from the atmosphere rushes in. |
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What muscles are added for forced expiration? |
Abdominal muscles Internal intercostals |
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What type of immunity is stomach acids? |
non-specific 1st line defence |
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What is the right AV valve also called? |
Tricuspid |
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What secretes HCL? |
Parietal cells |
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How is the epithelium (what type?) of the stomach protected from acids? |
The simple columnar epithelium of the stomach is protected by stomach acids by: a gastric-mucosal layer which serves as a gel-like barrier & bicarbonate ions secreted by epithelial cells which neutralise acids. |
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What blood type can B+ receive? Why are these choices safe? |
B+, B-, O+, O- These choices are safe as they don't have A antibodies. Rh+ or Rh- is irrelevant and safe either way as Rh+ blood, unlike RH- blood, is used to Rh factor. |
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What is the blood type of the universal donor? |
O- |
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What blood type is the universal recipient? |
AB+ |
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What are examples of brand names? |
Panadol Mersyndol Claryntyne |
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1. Which voltage gate opens during depolarisation? 2. Which ions move in which direction? (into or out of the cell) 3. Does membrane potential become more positive/negative? |
1. Sodium gate 2. Sodium ions rush into the cell 3. Positive. |
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1. Which voltage gate opens during repolarisation? 2. Which ions move in which direction? (into or out of the cell) 3. Does membrane potential become more positive/negative? |
1. The sodium-potassium pump 2. Potassium is moving out of the cell 3. The membrane becomes more negative |
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Give 2 reasons why the inside of the cell is negatively charged during resting membrane potential. |
1. There are more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell 2. Sodium-potassium pumps move two potassium ions inside the cell as three sodium ions are pumped out, always maintaining the negatively-charged inside. |
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A urinalysis of a healthy person shows no glucose. why? |
Because the kidneys reabsorb glucose back into the blood stream in the proximal convoluted tubule |
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A urinalysis after a very carb-filled 5 course meal shows glucose. why? |
Temporary Glycosuria can be caused as there is a limited number of carrier proteins to help glucose reabsorb. If these are all occupied, you reach renal threshold/transport maximum and glucose is lost in the urine. |
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What do you call an immature red blood cell? |
Reticulocytes |
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What is a neutrophil? |
A leukocyte |
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What is the name of a cartilage cell? |
Chondrocyte |
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What is the proper name for platelets? |
Thrombocyte |
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What defence type is a lysosome? |
First line |
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What defence type is phagocytosis? |
Second line |
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What type of defence is antibodies? |
Third line |
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What type of defence are interferons? |
Second line |
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What is the name of the fibrous connective tissue lining the outside of bone? |
periosteum |
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What is the name of the shaft of the bone? |
Diaphysis |
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What is the name of long bone formation from a cartilaginous structure? |
Osteogenesis |
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What is the name given to bone that is like lattice, an open network of struts? |
Spongey bone |
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What is the bioavailability of an IV administered drug? |
100% |
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How many urethral regions do men have? How many do women have? |
Men: 3 Women: 1 |
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Label the attached |
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What is drug half-life? |
The period of time required for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced to exactly one-half of a given or amount. |
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What effect does Oestrogen have on the endometrium in the first half of the menstrual cycle? |
Oestrogen is slowly building within the first half of the menstrual cycle, reaching a peak just before ovulation. Its effect is, during the proliferation phase (post menses, approximately 5-7 days in) to perpetuate cell growth in the functional zone of the endometrium, building it up ready for hopeful implantation. |
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What do you mean my isometric contraction in skeletal muscles? |
the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction |
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List 4 functions of blood: |
1. Transport of o2 around the body 2. Protection from infection due to its white blood cell component 3. Temperature regulation 4. Removal and transport of waste products from the tissues |
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