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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
pyruvate G3P acetyl CoA glucose NADH + H+ |
Acetyl CoA
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Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
ATP CO2 NADH + H+ FADH2 acetyl CoA |
Acetyl CoA
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A glucose molecule is broken down to CO2 and H2O in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yields 2 ATP. What happened to most of the energy a cell obtains from oxidation of glucose?
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It is stored in NADH and FADH2
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Carbon dioxide () is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
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oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
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During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
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food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
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how many moles of are released in the citric acid cycle from one glucose
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4
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input and output of glycosis
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Input: NAD+, 2ADP, and glucose
Output: NADH, 2 ATP, and Pyruvate |
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Formation of Acetyl Co A
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2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA ----> 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 carbon dioxide
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Input/output of Citric Acidc Cycle (krebs)
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Input: ADP, Acetyl Co A, NAD+,
Output: ATP, CO2, Coenzyme A, NADH |
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Glycosis takes place in:
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cytosol or cytoplasm of the cell
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Aceytl CoA formation takes place in:
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the mitochrondrial matrix
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The krebs cycle takes place in:
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the mitochrondrial matrix
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oxidative phosphorylation takes place in:
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the inner mitochrondiral membrane
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For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
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6
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In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
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oxidative phosphorylation
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The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
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Oxygen to form water
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During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
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NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
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The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
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kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
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The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?
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water
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chemiosmotic synthesis
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The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.
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Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
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mitochondrial inner membrane
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In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by
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a proton gradient across a membrane.
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Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
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citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
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Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?
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mitochondrial intermembrane space
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oxidative phosphorylation Input/output
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net input - ADP, O2, NAD+
net output - ATP,NADH, H2O |
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best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration?
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transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work
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How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
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2
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In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
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ATP
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Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?
+ 6 6 + 6 + Energy |
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
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Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen () is present or absent?
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glycolysis
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reactants and products anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation also in muscle cells
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Reactants: Pyruvate and NADH
products: Lactate and NAD+ |
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In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
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pyruvate is reduced
NADH is oxidized |
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In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
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ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
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The process of cellular respiration, which converts simple sugars such as glucose into CO2 and water, is an example of _____.
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catabolic pathway
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Cellular respiration is ____
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exergonic
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Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
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catabolism
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anabolic pathways
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They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
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A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.
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exergonic
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Which reaction requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?
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endergonic
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In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction
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ATP
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The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction
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endergonic
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The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.
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exergonic
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What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
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It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.
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What is energy coupling?
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the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
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Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
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entropy of the universe
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what reaction will decrease the entropy within a cell
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anabolic reactions
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metabolism in its entirety in all organisms is
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all the energy transformation reactions in an organism
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Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
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an RNA nucleotide
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when is the enzyme saturated with substrate?
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near the end
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The active site of an enzyme is the region that
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is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
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Competiive Inhibition
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A substance competes for the active site on a enzyme.
has a structure so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enyzme |
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allosteric inhibition
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the inhibitor is competing for an alternative site one way to control a metabolic pathway (feedback control (inhibition)) a type of noncompetitive inhibition
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Feedback control
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refers to biological pathways in which the end product inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway
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non competitive inhibitor
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binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.
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irreversible inhibitor
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forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group with in the active site which then prevents catalytic acitivity by blocking substrate
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Where in the reverse transcriptase enzyme would amino acid changes most likely occur in drug-resistant viruses
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in or near the active site
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When you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled
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change in the tertiary structure of your enzymes
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How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?
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by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site
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The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described
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feedback inhibition.
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Besides turning enzymes on or off, what other means does a cell use to control enzymatic activity?
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localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes
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Phosphofructokinase is a control enzyme in regulation of cellular respiration. describes phosphofructokinase activity
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allosteric enzyme - activity decreases when levels of ATP and citrate are high
pathway slows down when ATP demand is low - increases when demand is high example of feedback regulation |
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According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate
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from engulfed, originally free-living heterotrophic bacteria
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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It houses DNA.
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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take in and release materials
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What is most important to transport within a cell?
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microtubules and intracellular membranes
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When do cells take on their unique characteristics?
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during embryonic development
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what would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
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whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
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The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
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endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
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What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER
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mitochondrial proteins
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Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to
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separate chromosomes during cell division
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If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction and why
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sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia
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Mitochondria are found in _____.
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plant and animal cells
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What are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria
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Both have their own DNA (remember they got encompassed by another cell at some point)
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Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells
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mitochondrion
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Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in
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chloroplasts
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Organelles in heavier fractions could produce ATP with light, organelles inlighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions contain,
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heavier: chloroplasts
Lighter: Mitochrondria |
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identify the path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion
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ER-->Cis Golgi cisternae--> medial ' '--> Trans ' '--> Plasma Membrane
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smooth ER functions
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lipid synthesis, poision liver detoxification, calcium ion storage
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Golgi Apparatus functions
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protein sorting and modification, cisternal maturation
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Rought ER functions
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protein synthesis
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lysosomes function
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macromolecule digestion, and hydrolysis of macromolecules, such as in phagocytosis and autophagy
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all protists are ____
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eukaryotic.
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According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
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from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
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A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____.
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dinoflagellates
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What is true about dinoflagellates is true?
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They possess two flagella.
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Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution?
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In both cases, filamentous shape is an adaptation for the absorptive nutritional mode of a decomposer
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an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light which algae group?
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red algae
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commensal
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relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is neutral
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Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?
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diplomonads and parabasalids
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Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?
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diatom
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Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells?
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apical complex
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Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae
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are unicellular.
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The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds'
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DNA sequences.
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_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain.
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Phytoplankton
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Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die?
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Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live
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What is true about obligate anaerobes
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They are poisoned by O2.
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Prokaryotic ribosomes differ from those present in eukaryotic cytosol. Because of this, which of the following is correct
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Some antibiotics can block protein synthesis in bacteria without effects in the eukaryotic host
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genomes of prokaryotes
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Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.
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Prokaryotes' essential genetic information is located in the
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nucleoid.
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the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid the result:
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the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat.
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conjugation
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Genetic material can also be moved between bacteria but requires that two living prokaryotic cells physically join with one another.
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How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise?
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have extremely short generation times and large populations.
& can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of conjugation |
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If the mature protein is destined to leave the cell in which it is produced, the
polypeptide would be synthesized |
by a ribosome bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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An organism that obtains its energy from the sun and uses carbon dioxide as a source of carbon is:
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photoautotroph
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An exergonic reaction would always be
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Spontaneous
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A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that
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exergonic
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A chemoautotrophic organism would obtain
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energy from inorganic molecules and carbon from carbon dioxide.
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Which one of the following reactions has a positive delta G?
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The reduction of carbon dioxide.
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