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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What determines the shape of a protein? |
The sequencing of amino acids |
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why is protein shape important? |
Shape determines function |
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definition of gene |
gene is a sequence of DNa that Codes for a specific trait |
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definition of genotype |
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. |
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definition of phenotype |
Phenotype is the physical characteristics dependent on genotype |
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definition of alleles |
Alleles are two or more alternative forms of a gene that arises from a genetic mutation |
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difference between regulatory sequence of gene coding and coding sequence of gene |
regulatory Sequence is a Sequence that can increase or decrease the expression of a gene , a coding sequence of a gene is a portion of a gene that codes proteins |
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what is gene therapy |
gene therapy is a way to replace malfunctioning genes with functional ones |
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what are transgenic organisms |
species modified by scientists, by inserting genes from other species |
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DNA v. RNA |
DNA: Strand of general material, basis for everything , RNA: codes Protein |
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Transcription v. Translation |
Transcription: DNA to RNA, translation is RNA to protein |
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Codon v. anti codon |
Codon: triplet (three) nucleotide buses on mRNA that code for amino acid, anticodon: Three tRNA nucleotide bases which are Complementary to MRNA |
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what is genetic code |
genetic code: nucleotide triplets that carry genetic information |
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what is cell cycle |
the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells. |
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why is cell division important |
to replace and repair cells, also for growth |
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what are the stages of cell cycle |
interphase, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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definition of sister chromatids |
refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. |
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definition of centromere |
the connection point in the center of the sister chromatids |
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definition of apoptosis |
programmed cell death |
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definition of cytokinesis |
Cytokinesis: band of protein goes between cell then Separates parent and daughter celIs |
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what are cell cycle check points |
where proteins make sure that each stage in cell division is Performed correctly |
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what is cancer |
Cancer is When a cell replicates without Stopping |
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how do normal cells and cancer differ with respect to cell division |
normal cells Stop replicating in cell division whereas cancer cells are incorrectly replicating without stopping |
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what are mutations |
a change in the nucleotide DNA |
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how do mutations occur |
mutations occur randomly |
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How does cancer develop and how can peoplereduce their risk? |
Cancer develops when the Stop mechanism for cell division no longer works reduce risk by not Smoking and avoiding risky behavior |
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germ-line mutation v. somatic cell mutation |
Germ line mutation:Occur in in gametes, pass to offspring, Somatic cell mutation: a mutation in Somatic cells not passed to offspring |
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mutagens v. carcinogens |
mutagen is: anything that causes mutation, Carcinogen: any chemical cancer causing agent that damages DNA |
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proto-oncogenes v. tumor suppressor gene |
proto-oncogene: a gene that codes for a Protein that helps cells divide normally, tumor suppressor genes: gene that codes For proteins that monitors cell cycle progression game mutation stops normal function |
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benign tumor v. malignant tumor |
benign tumor: noncancerous tumor will not Spread, malignant tumor: a cancerous tumor that Spreads through the body |
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definition of diploid |
diploid: two copies of Same chromosome, |
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definition of haploid |
Haploid: One copy of chromosome |
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definition of homologous chromosomes |
homologue chromosomes: pairs of Chromosomes identical in Shape and Structure |
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definition of gametes |
gametes: haploid cells created from germ lines |
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definition of zygote |
zygote : a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. |
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definition of carrier |
Carrier: heterozygote Which carries the recessive defective allele |
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How does sexual reproduction and meiosiscreate genetically diverse organisms? |
sexual the production: genetically diverse offspring be cause of crossing over, resulting in recombinants. independent assortment, random combination of Sperm and egg, mutation |
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meiosis I v. meiosis II |
meiosis I: results in two diploid cells, meiosis II results in four haploid cells |
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Dominant allele v. Recessive allele |
Dominant allele: needs just one dominant to be shown, Recessive allele: need both recessive to be shown |
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Heterozygous v. homozygous |
heterozygous: two different alleles (one dominant one recessive), homozygous: two of the same (recessive and recessive or dominant and dominant) |
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definition of non-disjunction |
failure of chromosomes to separate properly |
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definition of aneuploidy |
Aneuploidy: an abnormal number of one or more chromosomes |
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recombination and independent assortment |
recombination: crossing over, independent assortment: alleles of different genes will randomize |