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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Six characteristics of life are:
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1. unique molecular structure
2. require raw material and energy to carry on metabolism 3. made up of 1 to many cells which carry metabolism 4. maintain homeostasis 5. respond to external environment 6. grow and reproduce |
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levels of life:
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atoms-->cells-->tissues-->organs-->organ systems--> organisms--> population--> community--> ecosystem--> biosphere
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what do the laws of thermodynamics say?
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1. energy is neither created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another.
2. Entropy is increasing. |
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___ is anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Matter
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four elements that make up 99% of the most important life elements?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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an atom of an element that contains more/less neutrons than normal is called an ___.
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isotope
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atoms of elements combine by bonding to form ___.
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molecules
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"opposites attract"
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ionic bond
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sharing electrons
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covalent bond
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contains the least energy
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hydrogen bond
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dehydration synthesis is the process that joins molecules by ___ a molecule of water.
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removing
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Hydrolysis is the process that breaks molecules apart by ___ a molecule of water.
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adding
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3 characteristics that makes water essential for life.
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-cohesive
-slow to heat & slow to cool -solvent for polar molecules -denser at 4 degrees C than at 0 degrees C |
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The ___ the number on the pH scale, the stronger the acid.
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lower
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What maintains the pH?
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buffers
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pH of blood?
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7.4
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pH of ears?
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7
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pH of stomach acid?
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0-2
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what are the 4 macromolecules of life?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acid
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cells have special organelles called ___ to break down the glucose molecule and to produce cellular energy called ATP.
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mitochondria
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___ help break down the large complex molecules called polymers to simple molecules called monomers.
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enzymes
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what is the original source of the energy in the glucose molecule?
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sun
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the main monomer for carbohydrates is ___.
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glucose
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glucose is commonly called ___.
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blood sugar
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fruit sugar is called ___.
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fructose
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milk sugar is called ___.
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galactose
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glucose + glucose =
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maltose
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glucose + fructose =
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sucrose
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glucose + galactose =
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lactose
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what are 3 examples of polysaccharides?
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starch, glycogen, cellulose
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the main form of carboyhdrate storage in plants is ___.
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starch
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the main form of carbohydrate storage found in animals is___.
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glycogen
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an indigestible form of carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants is ___.
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cellulose
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what are the main elements in lipids>
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
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what is the monomer for a lipid?
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fatty acid and glycerol
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lipids will not ___ in water.
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dissolve
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digestion of lipids starts in the ___.
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small intestines
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what lipid is found in the plasma membrane?
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phospholipid
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what is the difference between fat & oil?
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fat comes from animals & is solid at room temp. oil comes from plants & is liquid at room temp.
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what are the main elements in protein?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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connective tissue contains _______.
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collagen & elastin protein fibers.
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___ is the protein in your hair & skin.
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keratin
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what are the monomers for proteins.
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amino acids
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the bond between monomers of amino acids is called a ___ bond.
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peptide
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what are the main elements in DNA?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
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what are 3 important examples of nucleic acid?
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DNA, RNA, ATP
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in a DNA base A combines with _. & C combines with _.
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T & G
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one side of DNA is AATTCGGAT, the other side is ___.
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TTAAGCCTA
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the plasma membrane is ___.
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selectively permeable
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what are the 4 primary ways that things can enter or leave the cell through the membrane?
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diffusion, omosis, facilitated transport, and active transport
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Active transport requires ___.
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ATP
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___ involves the movement of water across a membrane.
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osmosis
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If a living cell is placed in a ___ solution (more than 0.9%NaCl), cell water will move out and the cell will shrink/ or crenate.
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hypertonic
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If a living cell is placed in a ___ solution (less than 0.9% NaCl), water will move into the cell until the plasma membrane ruptures or lyses occur.
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hypotonic
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If a living cell is placed in an ___ solution (0.9% NaCl), cell water will move in and out of the cell equally.
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isotonic
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___ are the smallest units of life.
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cells
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which organelles are involved in the final breakdown of glucose to produce ATP energy?
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mitochondria
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what structure controls cellular activities and contains genetic DNA?
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nucleus
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What is the name given to the ribosome-studded network in the cell.
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rough ER
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The ___ is a stack of membrane sacs involved in processing, packaging, and shipping out substances.
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golgi apparatus
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Ribosomes are formed in the ___ of the nucleus.
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nucleolus
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The ___ are membranous structures that contain digestive enzymes.
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lysosomes
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The ___ are involved in spindle fiber formation during mitosis and meiosis and forms basal bodies, which give rise to cilia and flagella.
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centrioles
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The shape of a cell is maintained by the cytoskeleton. The ___ refers to the contents of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
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cytoplasm
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Epithelial tissue functions in ___, ___, & ___ as well as diffusion.
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secretion, absorption, and protection
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Epithelial tissue secretes necessary chemicals for the body such as:
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Exocrine & Endocrine
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Epithelial tissue shapes are:
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Squamous, or flat
Cuboidal, or cube Columnar, or twinkie |
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An ___ carries an impulse away from the cell body.
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axon
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___ are nerves that conduct impulses.
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Neurons
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Connective tissue contains what types of protein fibers?
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collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers
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Fibrous connective tissue consists of:
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loose fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, and dense fibrous connective tissue
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Specialized connective tissue consists of:
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blood, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue.
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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smooth, cardiac, & skeletal
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The ___ is the largest organ of the body and belongs to the integumary system.
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skin
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Skin consists of ___ & ___ resting on a layer of fat called the hypodermis.
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epidermis & dermis
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What are the 2 main body cavities?
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ventral & dorsal
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The ventral cavity is divided into the ___ cavity and the abdominal cavity.
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thoracic
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On Model what is the gray thing w/ black center?
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lysosome
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On model, what is the orange w/ black squiggly lines?
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mitochondria
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on model, what is the yellow peanut m&m?
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vacuole
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on model, what are the squiggly lines?
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golgi apparatus
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on model, where is the gallbladder?
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the green pouch in the liver section
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on model, where are the large intestines?
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gray!
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on model, what does the appendix look like?
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a finger
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on model, where are the kidneys?
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around back
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what is the "pink flag" in the large intestines on model?
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pancreas
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what is gray & pink on the left side on the model?
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spleen
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