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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List three factors that influence the food choices people make
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flavor (smell, taste), texture, appearance
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What is a nutrient?
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A substance in food used by the body as energy, maintenance of body structures, or regulation of chemical processes.
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List two applications of the term "organic"
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A substance that contains carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds.
OR Plant and animal foods that have been grown, harvested and processed without conventional pesticides, fertilizers, growth promoters, bioengineering or ionizing radiation. |
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What is an "essential" nutrient?
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It is required by your body and and must be consumed in your diet.
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What is a macronutrient?
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Nutrients that are consumed in large quantities.
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What is a micronutrient?
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Nutrients that are consumed (required) in smaller quantities.
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What are macronutrients measured in?
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grams (gm)
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What are micronutrients measured in?
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Milligrams (mg) or micrograms (ug)
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What proportion of a gram are a milligram and a microgram?
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Milligram: ??
Microgram:??? |
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What is a functional food?
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describes a food that may contain micronutrients, macronutrients, phytochemicals or zoonutrients that are thought to positively influence health.
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What type of energy is used as fuel by cells?
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adenosine triphosphate commonly referred to as ATP
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How many kcal/gram (kilocalories per gram) does fat yield?
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9 kilocalories per gram
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What is the energy yield of carbohydrate?
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4 kilocalories per gram
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How is the energy in food measured?
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calories
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What is a calorie?
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It is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram water by 1 degree Celsius
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What is a kilo calorie?
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1000 calories
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How many kilocalories/gram does alcohol have?
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provides 7 kilocalories per gram of alcohol (which is almost double the energy yield of carbohydrates and protein.)
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Does alcohol provide energy and nutrients?
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alcohol provides a lot of energy but does not provide any nutrients. Notice that vitamins and minerals do not yield any energy.
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how many kilocalories per gram does protein have?
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4 kilocalories per gram
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What is the scientific method?
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When studying nutrition, researchers use a specific series of steps.
1. Question/Observation 2. Hypothesis 3.Design Experiment 4.Conduct Experiment 5.Collect Data 6.Analyze and Interpret data |
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What is an intervention study?
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When an experimental design calls for a specific treatment to be tested. These experiments can be conducted on humans, animals, or cell cultures in the laboratory. One test group, one control group, given a placebo.
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What is a double blind study?
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When neither the researchers or the participants know whether they are in the test group or the control group.
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What is a epidemiological study?
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The researchers do not interfere with the population in any way and the subjects of the experiment continue with their normal lifestyle
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Why is it important to study nutrition?
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Most health professionals consider nutrition to be one of the most important lifestyle factors that affects the nation
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What is a chronic disease?
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an ailment that develops slowly and persists over time.
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How has the cause of death changed over the last century?
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In the past, more people died from infectious diseases. Now, with the development of antibiotics, more people are dying of chronic diseases.
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What is malnutrition?
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Poor nutritional status caused by either undernutrition or overnutrition.
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Can an obese person be malnourished?
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Yes,
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What are anthropometric measurements?
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Measurements or estimates of physical aspects of the body such as height, weight, circumferences and body composition.
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What is body composition?
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This is the sum of muscle tissue, bone, fat and water.
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What is the best way to get a body composition?
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Find the BMI (Body Mass Index) of the patient.
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How can you find Body Mass Index?
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You can estimate your BMI by dividing your weight (kilograms) by your height squared (in meters) and comparing the value to those in BMI tables inside the back cover of your text book
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What is a dietary assessment?
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determines what an individual regularly eats.
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What is a retrospective method of dietary assessment?
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relies on an individual remembering what they ate and drank, including the portion size, in the past 24 hours
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What is a prospective method of dietary assessment?
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On the other hand prospective methods rely on an individual keeping a record of what they eat and drink as they consume it and are therefore more accurate than relying on a person’s memory.
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The values obtained from a dietary assessment are compared to a set of guidelines produced by the?
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Institute of Medicine, a branch of the National Academy of Sciences.
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DRI stands for?
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Dietary Reference Intakes
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What does EAR stand for?
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Estimated Average Requirement
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What does RDA stand for?
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Recommended Dietary Allowance
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What does AI stand for?
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Average Intake Level
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What does UL stand for?
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upper tolerable limit
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What percentage of the population does EARs apply to?
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50%
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What percentage of the population does RDA apply to?
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97%
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What is the RDA for iron for people aged 19-50 years?
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The current RDA for males aged 19-50 yrs is 8mg/day, a female 19-50 yrs is 18mg/day and a pregnant woman is 27mg/day.
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True or False: RDA's are set for each micronutrient according to age, sex and changing requirements during pregnancy?
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TRUE
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What does upper tolerable limit mean?
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is set at the highest level that does not pose any health risks.
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What is the UL for iron?
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45 grams/day
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What does AMDR stand for?
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acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges
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What is the AMDR for fat? Protein? Carbohydrates?
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Fat: 20-35%
Protein: 10-35% Carbohydrates: 45-65% (% of total energy consumed) |
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What does it mean if a food is "nutrient dense" ?
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foods that contain lots of different nutrients relative to their energy content, ensures that an individual receives all the essential nutrients for health and can maintain a healthy body weight.
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What do grains include?
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bread, bagels, pasta, rice, corn, and breakfast cereals. These foods contribute complex carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fiber to the diet.
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Where do oil sources come from? What is an example of each?
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Oils come from both plant and animal sources. Those from animal sources, such as butter and lard, contain saturated fat whereas those from plant sources, such as sunflower oil and olive oil, are rich in unsaturated fats.
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What is a lipid?
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Oils and fats
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What is the difference between fruits and vegetables?
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Fruits have seeds, vegetables do not.
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What do dairy products contribute to your diet?
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minerals, especially calcium, vitamins and protein to the diet.
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What is the main source of protein for your diet?
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Meat and beans
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What are discretionary calories?
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Calories that are left over after you have eaten all your nutrients of the day. These calories can be spent on dessert without the fear of gaining weight.
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What is an ion?
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when the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons the atom is now called an ion.
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What is an atom?
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Atoms are made up of three main components – protons and neutrons are held together in the center of the atom whereas electrons fill layers surrounding the central cluster
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What is an anion? cation?
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Ions carry a negative charge when they gain an electron. These ions are called anions. Ions carry a positive charge when they have fewer electrons than protons and are called cations
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Which element is found is all living organisms?
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Carbon
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What is an ionic bond?
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a case of opposite attraction. Ions carrying opposite charges come together, there is a transfer of electrons from the ion carrying a positive charge to the ion carrying a negative charge and the two ions are held together by forceful attraction resulting in an ionic bond. They typically create crystal structures that disintegrate in water (such as table salt).
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What is a covalent bond?
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much stronger than ionic bonds. Covalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons between two atoms rather than the transfer of them. So it’s a bit like a “tug of war” since both atoms want the electrons for themselves.
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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are weak bonds that form between hydrogen atoms and other atoms that carry a negative charge
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Which is the strongest type of bond? Ionic, Covalent, or hydrogen?
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Covalent
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What is "redox" short for?
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reduction-oxidation reactions. These are coupled reactions that involve molecules or ions that readily accept or donate electrons
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What is a polar molecule?
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This means that the electrons shared in the formation of a covalent bond are not shared equally.
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When a substance readily dissolves in water we describe that substance as
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Hydrophilic ("water loving")
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A substance such as oil that does not dissolve in water is described as
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hydrophobic ("water fearing")
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What is the outcome of condensation reaction?
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Making macromolecules from individual subunits is achieved through condensation reactions
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What is the outcome of a hydrolysis reaction?
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Bonds are broken to disassemble macromolecules into individual subunits
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Enzymes are named according to their function and usually their name ends in
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-ase
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What is a macromolecule?
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need to be broken down into their individual subunits before your body can use them. For example, when you eat bread you consume molecules of starch, protein and other nutrients
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What does the pH scale measure?
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The acidic or basic nature of a solution.This scale ranges from pH value 0 to 14; a pH value of 0 indicates a very acidic solution whereas a pH value of 14 indicates a very basic solution; a solution with pH 7 is considered neutral.
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Mitochondria are responsible for?
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They are responsible for producing most of the cellular energy, or ATP, that drives all the work associated with a cell and therefore the body.
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What is a lysosome?
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Lysosomes are vesicles within the cell which contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are used to digest lipids, proteins and other molecules which no longer function properly
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What is the function of a cell membrane?
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The cell membrane is a structure consisting of a phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cell. This creates a highly controlled environment within the cell.
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What is the function of a cell nucleus?
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The nucleus is the control center for the cell. It contains all the genetic material encoded in DNA. DNA provides the instructions for protein synthesis as well as coordinating other cellular activities.
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What is the cytosol?
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The cytosol is a liquid matrix outside of the nucleus. It contains cell organelles, electrolytes, amino acids and other molecules.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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This is a network of fibers which help provide structure for the plasma membrane. It also provides a network within the cell for moving organelles and other molecules around the cell.
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What is a ribsome?
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These small organelles are made of protein and RNA. They are small but have the huge responsibility of synthesizing all the proteins needed in the body.
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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This extensive membrane structure comes in two forms – smooth ER and rough ER. The smooth ER is involved with lipid synthesis. The rough ER has ribosomes attached to the surface which are involved in protein synthesis.
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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Lipid and protein molecules that are made in the endoplasmic reticulum leave by way of vesicles and make their way to the Golgi apparatus.
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What are the mitochondria?
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They are responsible for producing most of the cellular energy, or ATP, that drives all the work associated with a cell and therefore the body.
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What are the lysosomes?
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Lysosomes are vesicles within the cell which contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are used to digest lipids, proteins and other molecules which no longer function properly. They are broken down into their basic components and recycled into other metabolic pathways.
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What is endocytosis?
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without the use of membrane proteins is by way of small vesicles. When the cell membrane surrounds a particle or molecule in can be brought inside the cell in a process called endocytosis (“endo” = inside). White blood cells function in this way when they engulf foreign bacteria in your body.
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What is exocytosis?
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Conversely, molecules and other substances can be carried to the cell membrane in a small vesicle and expelled out of the cell in a process called exocytosis (“exo” = outside
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What is epithelial tissue?
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type of tissue covers the outside of the body to form part of the skin. It also covers the inside surfaces of the body – the body cavity, and also lines organs such as the digestive tract and tubules found in the kidneys
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What is connective tissue?
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This type of tissue basically binds and supports the body. It includes some parts of bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, blood and adipose tissue.
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What is neutral tissue?
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These tissues are involved in communication and co-ordination of the body via chemical and electrical signals transmitted from the nerves, spinal cord and brain.
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What is muscle tissue?
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associated with movement.
Smooth muscle is also associated with movement, but much smaller movements associated with organs such as the digestive tract and the bladder. Cardiac muscle is highly specialized muscle tissue that is only associated with the heart. |
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What are the four types of tissues?
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Epithelial
Connective Neutral Muscle |
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How do tissues and organs differ?
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Tissues do not work alone but instead, two or more tissues are associated together and function as an organ
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What types of tissues are found in the small intestine?
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The inside of the small intestine is lined with epithelial tissue that forms finger like projections (villi) extending into the space of the small intestine. The villi provide a greater surface area for the absorption of nutrients into the body.
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Communication between different organs and organ systems is achieved through
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Feedback systems in the body
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What is homeostasis?
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A fairly stable environment for your body in terms of temperature and other things
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Insulin is:
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released from the pancreas and stimulates certain types of cells to take up glucose from the blood
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Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
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The mouth
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What is peristalsis
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wave like contractions of smooth muscle that moves food from swallowing to the stomach
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