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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three phases (4 if you count the transition reaction) of cellular respiration?
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1. Glycolysis - breakdown of glucose (splitting of glucose into Pyruvate C3)
2. Transition Reaction - connects glycolysis to citric acid cycle 3. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle - series of oxidation (The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.) (Creates 2 Acetyl (C2) and happens in the Mitochondria) 4. Electron Transport (Chains) Systems - carriers move electrons (happens in the Mitochondria) |
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What are the oxidation-reduction coenzymes? How do they function?
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NADP+ = accepts 2 e- + H+ -->NADPH (photosynthesis)
NAD+ = accepts 2 e- + H+ -->NADH (cell respiration) FAD = accepts 2 e- + 2 H+ --> FADH2 (cell respiration) NADH & FADH2 carry e- to electron transport system Coenzymes are small organic molecules that transport chemical groups from one enzyme to another. |
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What are the inputs and outputs of gycolysis?
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Input - each glucose requires 2 ATP (-2 ATP)
Output - converts the Glucose to 2 Pyruvate (C3) and also gains 4 ATP and 2 NADH (+4 ATP & +2 NADH) |
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What are the inputs and outputs of the Krebs cycle?
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Input - Converts pyruvate (C3) --> acetyl (C2)- coenzyme A (CoA) + C02
Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle in the matrix Output - Cycle occurs in matrix of mitochondria (2 cycles) Produces 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 NADH & FADH2 carry e- to electron transport system |
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Why do we call gylocolysis the energy investment phase?
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Because in phase one it takes 2 ATP to activate the glucose (C6) and 1 Glucose to split into 2 Pyruvates (C3) and then produces a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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What is the basic mechanism at the electron transport system? (where are electrons going? Where are hydrogen ions going? How is that making ATP?)
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Chain of electron acceptors in inner membrane of mitochondria
NADH & FADH2 carry electrons to electron transport system Oxygen = final electron acceptor in chain (catches electrons & forms H2O) O2 + 2 electrons + 2 H+ ---> H2O Use O2 to form ATP from ADP = oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis: Hydrogen ions (H+) pumped across membrane to form a gradient = proton-motive force (mitochondria, chloroplasts & bacteria) ATP synthase complex = protein complex in mitochondrial cristae Flow of hydrogen ions down gradient = coupled to ATP production Disrupted during cyanide poisoning & hibernation |
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What is the different between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorlyation? In what phases of respiration do they happen?
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Substrate-level phosphorylation = enzyme transfers phosphate from substrate to ADP-->ATP
This happens in the Glycoloysis and The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Oxidative phosphorlyation Uses O2 to form ATP from ADP This happens in the Electron Transport System |
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What is the ATP synthase complex?
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ATP synthase complex = protein complex in mitochondrial cristae
Flow of hydrogen ions down gradient = coupled to ATP production This is disrupted during cyanide poisoning hibernation |
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What is fermentation?
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A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from Glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Anaerobic does NOT require O2 Glycolysis Pyruvate reduced to: lactate or alcohol & CO2 |
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What builds up when we run out of oxygen, and makes our muscles sore?
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Lactic Acid
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What are the different feedback mechanisms that control respiration?
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When ATP or citrate = high
phosphofructokinase = inhibited glycolysis slows down When ATP = low & AMP levels rise: phosphofructokinase = active glycolysis speeds up |
