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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
standard small grouping of atoms that contribute to the characteristics of an organic molecule
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Functional group
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small molecule that consists of a nitrogen containing ring compound, a suga, and 1 or more phosphate groups
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nucleotide
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small molecule consisting of a hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group; a component of phospholipids and triacylglycerides
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fatty acid
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a polar 3 carbon molecule and 3 hydroxyl groups; a starting compound for triacylglycerides and phospholipids
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glycerol
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a lipid; soluble molecule derived from cholesterol; many steroids are used as hormones
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steriod
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a sugar composed of two simple sugars, such as two glucose molecules or one glucose and one fructose
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dissacharide
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a carbohydrate macromolecule formed by the polymerization of simple sugars.
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polysaccharide
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a compound that contains the equivalent of one water molecule for every carbon atom; includes sugars and polysaccharides
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carbohydrate
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– a polysaccharides made by plants; major structural material of wood, cotton, and paper
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cellulose
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– a nucleotide that consists of adenosine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups; universal E currency, providing E for many biochemical reactions
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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large molecules, almost always a protein that accelerates the rate of a specific chemical reactions
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enzyme
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side chain) – each amino acid’s characteristic group of atom
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R group
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a protein with an enlongated shape, includes most structural proteins
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fibrous protein
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– breaking down the bond b/w 2 building blocks, by adding a water molecule reversing the dehydration condensation reaction
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hydrolysis
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– large molecule formed by polymerization of smaller building blocks
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macromolecule
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study of structure and reactions that actually occur in living organisms
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biochemistry
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fats oils and related organic compounds found in the cell membranes of living organisms; store energy
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lipid
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hydrocarbon chain in which all the bonds b/w carbon atoms are single bonds
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saturated fat
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simple sugar with 3-9 carbon atoms
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monosaccharide
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– table sugar; one molecule of water for ever Carbon
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sucrose
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– 5 carbon sugar in RNA
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ribose
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– polysaccharide used in animals for long term energy storage
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glycogen
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contains covalently attached carbohydrates
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glycoprotein
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chain of amino acid held together by peptide bonds
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polypeptide
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covalent bonds b/w 2 amino acid molecules in a polypeptide; formed by the carboxyl group of one amino acid attaching to the amino group of another amino acid
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polypeptide bond
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connected carbon atoms with 4 atoms sharing their available other shell electrons
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hydrocarbon chain
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– simple carbohydrate; 1 molecule of water for every C atom
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sugar
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small molecule contains both amino and carboxyl groups; building block of polypeptide proteins
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amino acid
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linking of 2 building blocks, accompanied by the removal of a water molecule
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dehydration condensation reaction
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hydrocarbon chain that contains at least one double bond b/w 2 carbon atoms; can accept 2 more hydrogen atoms per double bond
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unsaturated fat
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amphipathic derivative of glycerol in which 2 hydroxyl groups attach to fatty acids and the third to a phosphate ester; main component of biological membrane
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phospholipid
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simple 6-C sugar made by plants during photosynthesis
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glucose
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polysaccharides used in plants for long term E
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starch
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tough polysaccharide in the cellular of fungi and exoskeleton
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chitin
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a macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by the polymerization of nucleotides
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nucleic acid
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– in an amino acid, the carbon atom to which the carboxyl group and the amino acid are both attached
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alpha carbon
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– relatively compact protein that is round shaped
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globular protein
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long thin molecules in which organisms store and transport genetic info
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DNA
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movement of material across concentration gradient that requires energy and a protein molecule to pump the transport
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active transport
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form of communication in animal cells that allows passage while strenthing the connections b/w cells
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adhering junctions
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a microtubule organizing center that also contains a organelle called centriole; important in cell division
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centrosome
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large green membrane enclosed organelle that performs photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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the number of molecule of a substance in given volume
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concentration
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a graded difference in the concentration of a substance
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concentration gradient
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part of cytoplasm not containing inside organelles
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cystol
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extensive network of folded membranes inside eukaryotic cell
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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accepted model of bioloical membrane structure; stresses that protein and phospholipid molecules can move withing each leaf of the lipid bilayer
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fluid mosaic model
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directs the flow of newly made proteins; packaging center; traffic director; wraps proteins and lipids in a membrane for secretion
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golgi complex
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stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast
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granum
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pigments produce red, yellow, and blue
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chromoplast
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having the same concentraion to water and solute
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isotonic
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provide the main foce for movements,shaping, and change in protein filaments; important in muscles
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microfilament(actin)
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double membrane that encloses the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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the area that DNA is found in a prokaryote cell
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nucleoid
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when a membrane extends outward and surrounds materials then move them into cells; larger materials
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phagocytosis
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when a membran extends outward and surrounds liquids and dissolved molecules and moves them into the cell
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pinocytosis
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fine intercellular channels between plant cells, derived from vesicles trapped in the growing cell plate
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plasmodesmata
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transports NA ions out of cell and K ions into cell
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sodium - potassium pump
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amount of pressure put onto cell walls of plants from osmosis
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turgor pressure
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various membrane enclosed sacs
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vesicle
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an increased rate of passive transport
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facilitated diffusion
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fuse adjacent membranes together and prevent molecules from leaking out
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tight junction
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a pair of small tubes that lie at right angles to one another
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centrioles
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one of two globular proteins from which microtubules are assembled
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tubulin
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making own food or obtaining energy and synthesizing organic molecules from inorganic
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photosynthesis
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the random movement of like molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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simple diffusion
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force created against inside of membrane during osmosis
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osmotic pressure
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a network of protein fibers that runs through the cystol of eukaryotic cells; gives stucture and support and provides the force needed for cell movement
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cytoskeleton
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dotted with ribosomes and transports protein made from ribosome
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rough ER
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allowing only some molecules through
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selectively permeable
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a protein that contains covalently attached carbohydrates (oligosaccharides)
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glycoprotein
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a kind of plastid in plants that stores stach, lipids, proteins
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amyloplasts
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having a lesser concentration of water and greater concentration of solute
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hypertonic
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provide strength where cell is subjected to mechanical stress
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intermediate filaments
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holes in the nuclear envelope that connect the inside with the cytoplasm
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nuclear pores
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a subcellular structure that performs a specialized task
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organelles
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convert energy into a usable form, produce ATP, has own DNA and makes some of own protein
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mitochondria
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a cells uptake of specigic substances that are recognized by receptor proteins on the plasma membrane
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receptor - mediated endocytosis
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plasma membrane of adjacent cells is very close and substances can move from cell to cell
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gap junction
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summary of cellular basis of organisms: 1. living things made of cells 2. cell is basic unit of structure and function 3. cells come from other cells
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cell theory
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membrane can extend outward and surround tiny matericals and move them into the cell
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endocytosis
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transport that occurs spontaniously and without the use of energy
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passive transport
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large sacs that may occupy 95% of volume of cell; in animals they store fat; plants store water
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vacules
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a chemical to which a protein first bonds
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receptor
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provides main force for movements, shape, change; important in muscles
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actin filament
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a flattened disc surrounded by the innermost membrane of a chloroplast
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thylakoid
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diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
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osmosis
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having a greater concentration of water than solute
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hypotonic
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the part of the endoplamsic reticulum that is smooth and deals with lipids, metabolism, and detox
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smooth ER
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digestive vats that contain enzymes that break down proteins, nucleic acid, sugar, lipids
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lysosomes
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hollow cylinder orginating in the micotubule organizing center found near nucleus; causes motion of cilia, flagella
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microtubules
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the rigid stucture surrounding plant cells, made of carbohydrates; function after cell dies
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cell wall
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complex assemblies of RNA and proteins that are important for protein synthesis; located on the rough ER
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ribosomes
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all of the cell contents outside of the nucleus
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cytoplasm
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a plant organelle surrounded by a double membrane; includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts
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plastids
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the membrane that surrounds the cell
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plasma membrane
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how cells export molecules and is same principle as phagocytosis only in reverse
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exocytosis
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a discrete complex of DNA and proteins
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chromosome
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simple 3 C molecule with 3 hydroxyl groups
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glycerol
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glyceroil with a phosphate group attached in place of 3rd hydroxyl group and 2 fatty acid chains; also main component of plasma membrane
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phospholipid
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type of lipid; hydrocarbon chains formed in 4 interconnected rings; built from cholosterol
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steriod
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smallest sugars; have 3-9 C atoms
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monosaccharide
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2 sugars combined
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disaccharide
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several sugars forming short chains
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oligosaccharide
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long chains of sugar
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polysaccharide
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five carbon sugar that is a part of RNA
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ribose
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made of oligosaccharides attached to proteins
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glycoprotein
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makes nucleic acid; contains a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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nucleotides
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energy release by adding water
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hydrolyzing
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contains a carboxyl group, amino group, and a side chain;
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amino acid
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