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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organismal Metabolism
What is a Metabolism |
Sum total of an organism’s chemical reactions including catabolic (break down) and anabolic (build up) pathways.
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Organismal Metabolism
What is a Metabolic pathway |
Begins with a specific molecule which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a particular product.
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Organismal Metabolism
What is a Catabolic pathway |
Metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.
Example: Cellular respiration – aerobically breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP |
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Organismal Metabolism
What is a Anabolic pathway |
Metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
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Organismal Metabolism
Forms of Emergy What is Bioenergetics |
Study of how energy flows through living organisms.
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Organismal Metabolism
Forms of Emergy What is Energy |
Capacity to cause change by rearranging matter in order to do work
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Organismal Metabolism
Forms of Emergy What is Kinetic energy |
Energy associated with the relative motion of objects; moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
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Organismal Metabolism
Forms of Emergy What is Potential energy |
Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure.
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Organismal Metabolism
Forms of Emergy What is Heat (thermal energy |
Total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; energy in its most random form.
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Organismal Metabolism
Forms of Emergy What is Chemical energy |
Energy available in molecules for release in chemical reactions; form of potential energy; carbohydrates, lipids, and hydrocarbons tend to be especially rich in energy.
a) automobile engines 25% efficiency b) Humans 40% efficiency. |
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Organismal Metabolism
Laws of Energy Transformation What is Thermodynamics |
Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
a) example: Photosynthesis sunlight +6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Organismal Metabolism
Laws of Energy Transformation What is First Law of Thermodynamics |
energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed (aka Principle of Conservation of Energy).
a) example: food as energy. |
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Organismal Metabolism
Laws of Energy Transformation What is Second Law of Thermodynamics |
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
a) example: Energy conversions (respiration). |
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Organismal Metabolism
Laws of Energy Transformation What is Entropy |
Measure of disorder or
randomness; the more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the greater its entropy |
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II. Spontaneous Process and Free Energy
What is a Spontaneous process |
Process that occurs without an overall input of energy; energetically favorable.
1. Example: Explosion, rust. |
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II. Spontaneous Process and Free Energy
What is Free energy |
Portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when tempera-ture and pressure are uniform throughout.
1. Example: Applying spontaneous process to metabolism. Systems tend to move towards greater stability. As systems move towards maximum stability, they approach equilibrium (balance), but never reach it |
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II. Spontaneous Process and Free Energy
What is Exergonic reaction |
Spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
a) example: Respiration; (glucose breakdown) |
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II. Spontaneous Process and Free Energy
What is Endergonic reaction |
Non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
a) example: Photosynthesis, (capturing light) |
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III. ATP
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Cells perform three types of work:
1. Cellular work (chemical reactions). 2.Transport work (Transmembrane transportation). 3.Mechanical work (physical reactions |
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III. ATP
What is Energy-coupling |
Use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
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Energy-coupling
Whagt is ATP |
Molecule that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; energy used to drive endergonic reactions.
a)Adenine b)Ribose c)Three phosphates |
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Energy-coupling
Whagt is ATP Hydrolysis |
ATP performs work by:
1. Driving chemical reactions from energy released by ATP hydrolysis. 2. Altering protein shape powered by ATP hydrolysis alters a protein’s ability to bind to another molecule and moves the protein along the cytoskeleton. |
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.What is Enzyme
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Macromolecule acting as a catalyst, increasing the rate of chemical reactions with-out being consumed by the reaction (protein).
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What is Activation energy (EA):
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Amount of energy reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; initial investment of energy for starting a reaction.
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What is a Substrate
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Reactant on which an enzyme works. Bus Passenger.
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What is a Enzyme-substrate complex
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Temporary molecule formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule.
1. Very specific reaction 2. Specificity of enzymes results from their shape which is due to its amino acid sequence. |
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What is a Active site
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Specific region of an enzyme that binds
the substrate and forms a pocket in which catalysis occurs. |
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What is a Induced fit
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Change in shape of active site so that
it binds more snugly to the substrate. |
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What is a Coenzyme
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Organic molecule serving as a cofactor; most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
+Effects of cofactors on enzyme activity |
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What is a Competitive inhibitor
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Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate (mimics structure).
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Effects of inhibitors on enzyme activity:
What is a Non-competitive inhibitor |
Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site; changes the enzyme’s shape so the active site no longer catalyzes substrate into product.
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
What is Allosteric regulation |
Binding of a regulatory molecule to an enzyme at one site that affects the function of the enzyme at a different site.
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric regulation What is Activator |
Stabilizes the active form of the enzyme, presenting functional active sites.
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric regulation What is a Inhibitor |
Stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme, blocking functional active sites.
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric regulation What is a Cooperativity |
If an enzyme is constructed of two or more subunits, then a shape change to one sub-unit is transmitted to all subunits (hemoglobin).
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
What is Feedback inhibition |
Method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway.
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