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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does respiration happen? |
In every cell of the body
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What is respiration the process of?
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Releasing energy from glucose
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What is aerobic respiration?
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With oxygen = most efficient way to release energy from glucose
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What is the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
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C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) = 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O (+ energy)
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When does anaerobic respiration happen?
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During vigorous exercise because your body cannot supply enough oxygen to muscles
= Produces less energy per glucose molecule |
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
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Glucose + Oxygen = Lactic acid (+energy)
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What happens when you stop exercising after respiring anaerobically?
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Oxygen debt is created and oxygen must be "repaid" in order to break down the lactic acid build up
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What can the respiratory quotient (RQ) tell you?
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Whether someone is respiring aerobically or anerobically
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What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) equation?
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RQ = Amount of CO(2) produced / Amount of O(2) used
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What is plasma?
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A pale yellow liquid in the blood which carries molecules that need transporting around the body
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What seven things does plasma carry?
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1. RBC, WBC and platelets
2. Water 3. Digested food products eg. glucose and amino acids 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Urea 6. Hormones 7. Antibodies |
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What is the function of red blood cells?
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To carry oxygen from the lungs to all cells
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Give four ways the structure of a red blood cell adapted to its function
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1. Small and biconcave to give a large SA to vol rtio for absorbing and releasing oxygen
2. Contain haemoglobin = combines with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin to release oxygen to cells 3. Don't have a nucleus = frees space 4. Flexible = pass through capillaries |
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What are the three types of blood vessels and what are their functions?
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1. Arteries = carry blood away heart
2. Capillaries = exchange of materials at the tissues 3. Veins = carry blood to heart |
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What are the properties of arteries? Why do they have these properties?
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Walls = strong and elastic because heart pumps blood at high pressure
Lumen contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong |
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What are the properties of capillaries? Why do they have these properties?
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Have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
Walls are only one cell thick = increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance |
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What are the properties of veins? Why do they have these properties?
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Bigger lumen than arteries to help blood flow
Have valves to keep blood flow in the right direction |
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Why is selective breeding used?
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To produce animals and plants with desired/required traits
Eg. max yield, good health, speed, temerament |
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Give the three steps of selective breeding
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1. Choose animals with required traits and breed them together
2. Select best of offspring and breed 3. Continues for several generations until trait gets stronger and stronger |
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What are the three disadvantages of selective breeding?
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1) Reduction in gene pool because the "best" are bred which are closely related
2) Inbreeding can cause health problems and harmful genetic disorders 3) Disease outbreak = not much variation = all affected |
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What is genetic engineering?
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Transferring genes into another organism
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Explain how genetic engineering works (4 points)
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1. Select a characteristic
2. Isolate the gene for that characteristic 3. Insert the gene into a different organism 4. The gene is replicated in the organism to make the protein |
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What is an advantage of genetic engineering?
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You can produce organisms with new and useful features very quickly
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What is a disadvantage of genetic enginerring?
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The inserted gene might have unexpected harmful effects
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How can plants be genetically engineered?
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We could give plants the genes to resist herbices, frost and disease
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What are 3 ethical issues associated with genetic engineering?
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1. Wrong to genetically engineer other organisms for human benefit
2. People worry it won't stop at plants and animals, but will go onto children ("designer babies") 3. The evolutionary consequences of genetic engineering are unknown |
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What is gene therapy?
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Altering a person's genes by altering their body cells or gametes in an attempt to cure genetic disorders
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What is a clone?
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A clone is a genetically identical organisms
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Explain how Dolly the sheep was cloned (4 points)
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1. A nucleus from an udder cell was taken from donor
2. Nucleus in the egg was replaced with the udder cell nucleus 3. The egg cell was given an electric shock to start cell division 4. Embryo was implanted in a surrogate sheep The donor sheep was cloned |
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What are 2 benefits of cloning?
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1. Cloning allows you to mass produce animals with desirable characteristics
2. Human embryos could be produced by cloning adult body cells = supply stem cells for stem cell therapy |
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What are 2 risks of cloning?
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1. Cloned animals might not be as healthy as normal animals
3. It might have consequences that we're not yet aware of |
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What are 3 ethical issues associated with cloning humans?
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1. Lots of surrogate pregnancies = high rates of miscarriage and still birth
2. May be unhealthy and die prematurely 3. Psychologically damaged if they knew they were a clone |
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How are plants cloned? (4 steps)
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1. Choose plant based on characteristics to clone
2. Remove several small pieces of tissue (best from fast growing root and shoot tips) 3. Grow the tissue in a growth medium containing nutrients and growth hormones 4. As they produce roots and shoots they can be moved to potting compost |
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What are 2 benefits of cloning plants?
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1. Mass produce plants that are hard to grow from seeds
2. All plants genetically identical = good characteristics |
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What are 2 disadvantages of cloning plants?
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1. Plants are genetically identical so will suffer if change in environment or a disease outbreak
2. Little genetic variation |
