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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is used in the type of local signaling called paracrine signaling in animals?
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a local regulator such as a growth factor
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A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein functions as a
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Ligand
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What is G Protein?
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A protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane that becomes activated by a receptor protein
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How do receptor tyrosine kinases transduce a signal?
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They form a dimer; they phosphorylate each other's tyrosines; specific proteins bind to and are activated by these phosphorylated tyrosines
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What can activate a protein by trnaferring a phosphate group to it?
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protein kinase
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What do signal transduction pathways use second messengers for?
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relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm
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What is the function of the second messenger IP3?
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bind to and open ligand-gated calciuk channels on the ER
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Signal amplification is most often achieved by
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an enzyme cascade involving multiple protein kinases
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What is Scaffolding Protein
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large relay protein that may bind with several other relay proteins to increase the efficiency of a signaling pathway
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What is adenylyl cyclase
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enzyme attached to plama membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal
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What is G Protein
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relay protein attached to theinside of plasma membrane that when activated by an activated G-Protein-Linked receptor binds GTP and then usually activates another membrande attached protein
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