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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Any form of reproduction that does not require the fusion of gametes.
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Asexual Reproduction
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Change in an organism's DNA sequence.
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Genetic Mutation
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The combination of genetic material from two individuals to create a third.
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Sexual Reproduction
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A form of gene transfer in prokaryotes.
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Conjugation
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Containing two different copies of each chromosome, one from each parent; also called n2.
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Diploid
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Body cell that does not give rise to gametes.
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Somatic Cell
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Cell that gives rise to gametes in an animal.
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Germ Cells
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Sex cell; sperm or egg.
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Gamete
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Containing one copy of each chromosome; also called 1n
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Haploid
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Division of genetic material that halves the chromosome number and yields genetic variable gamates.
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Meiosis
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The union of two gametes.
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Fertilization
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The fused egg and sperm that develops into a diploid individual.
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Zygote
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The sexual life cycle of plants and many green algae, which alternates between a diploid sporophyte stage and a haploid gametophyte stage.
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Alternation of Generations
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A nonsex chromosome.
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Autosome
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A chromosome that carries genes that determines sex.
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Sex Chromosome
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Chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequences of genes.
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Homologous Pairs
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Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis.
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Crossing Over
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An alternative form of gene.
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Allele
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Having extra chromosome sets.
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Polyploid
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Failure of chromosomes to separate at anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.
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Nondisjunction
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Loss of one or more genes from a chromosome.
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Deletion
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Produces multiple copies of one or more genes.
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Duplication
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A portion of a chromosome that flips and reinserts itself.
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Inversion
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Exchange of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes.
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Translocation
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Describes an allele that is expressed whenever it is present.
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Dominant
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Describes an allele whose expression is masked if a dominant allele is present.
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Recessive
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Possessing two identical alleles for a particular gene.
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Homozygous
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Possessing two different alleles for a particular gene.
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Heterozygous
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Genetic makeup of an individual.
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Genotype
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Observable expression of a genotype.
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Phenotype
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The most common phenotype, genotype or allele for a gene.
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Wild Type
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A phenotype or allele that is not the most common for a certain gene in a population or that has been altered from the typical (wild type) condition.
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Mutant
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A change in the DNA sequence.
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Mutation
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The first, true-breeding generation in a genetic cross.
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P (parental) Generation
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The offspring of the P generation in a genetic cross.
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F1 (first filial) Generation
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The offspring of the F1 generation in a genetic cross.
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F2 (second filial) Generation
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MAting between two individuals that are heterozygous for the same gene.
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Monohybrid Cross
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Diagram that uses the genotypes of the parents to reveal the possible results of the genetic cross.
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Punnett Square
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Breeding an individual of unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive individual to reveal the unknown genotype.
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Test Cross
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Mendel's law stating that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes.
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Law of Segregation
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Mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for two genes.
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Dihybrid Cross
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Mendel's law stating that during gamete formation, the segregation of the alleles for one gene does not influence the segregation of the alleles for another gene.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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The chance of two independent events occurring equals the product of the chances of either event occurring.
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Product Rule
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Mode of inheritance in which a heterozygote's phenotype is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes.
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Incomplete Dominance
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Mode of inheritance in which two alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote.
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Codominance
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Describes a genotype with multiple expressions.
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Pleiotropic
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Tissue type consisting of widely spaced cells in a matrix.
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Connective Tissue
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A series of connected reactions in a cell.
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Metabolic Pathway
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Selective breeding strategies in which a human chooses which organisms breed based on one or a few desired traits.
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Artificial Selection
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