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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who wrote The Origin of Species book? |
Charles Darwin |
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Natural Selection |
The strongest trait adapts to the environment making the organism able to survive and reproduce. |
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True/False: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals |
True: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals. |
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True/False: Darwin observed that overproduction of offspring and limited resources leads to competition |
True: Darwin observed that overproduction of offspring and limited resources leads to competition. |
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Transitional Fossil |
Any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. |
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Biogeography |
The study of the geographic distribution of species. It provides much evidence of evolution. |
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What are 3 evidences of evolution? |
1. Comparative Anatomy 2. Bioinformatics 3. Fossil Records |
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Comparative Anatomy |
Comparison of body structures of modern organisms. |
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Bioinformatics |
Employs computational tools to process genetic data. |
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Fossil Records |
The ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in the rock layers, marking the passing of geologic time. |
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Population |
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time. Population is the unit of evolution. |
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Evolution |
How a population changes over time. |
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Name 2 mechanisms that change the genetic makeup of a population |
1. Mutation 2. Sexual Recombination |
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Mutation |
Random changes to DNA. |
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Sexual Recombination |
Produces new arrangements of existing genes. |
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Darwinian Fitness |
Contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the new generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals. |
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Name the 4 mechanisms of evolution |
1. Genetic Drift 2. Bottleneck 3. Founder Effect 4. Gene Flow |
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Genetic Drift |
A change in a gene pool due to chance. |
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Bottleneck |
When a population is drastically reduced in numbers. |
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Founder Effect |
When individuals migrate to a new isolated habitat. |
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Gene Flow |
Individuals may migrate into or emigrate out of a population. |
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Sexual Selection |
A form of natural selection where certain individuals are more likely to attract mates and, therefore, have more offspring. |
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What happened in the Precambrian Era? (4.6bya-541mya) |
1. 4.6bya: Earth forms 2. 3.5bya: Oldest known prokaryote fossils. 3. 2.1bya: Oldest known eukaryote fossils. |
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Species |
A population that is capable of interbreeding to produce healthy, fertile offspring. |
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Gametic Incompatibility |
The gametes of different species usually can't fertilize each other. |
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Graduated Model |
A species acquires small adaptations to its environment over millions of years. |
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Punctuated Equilibrium Model |
There are periods of stasis interrupted by occasional bursts of speciation. |
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Allopatric Speciation |
May occur when a physical barrier isolates populations. |
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Sympatric Speciation |
May occur quite suddenly due to large scale genetic changes. |
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Name the levels of the Taxonomic Hierarchy |
1.Domain 2.Kingdom 3.Phylum 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8.Species |
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True/False: The genus and species makes up the scientific name |
True: The genus and species makes up the scientific name. |
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Biogenisis |
The formation of new living organisms. |
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True/False: In 1953, Urey and Miller demonstrated that organic monomers can form under conditions that stimulate early earth. |
True: In 1953, Urey and Miller demonstrated that organic monomers can form under conditions that stimulate early earth. |
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Characteristics of Prokaryotes |
1. First form of life on earth 2. Appeared about 10 billion years after earth formed. |
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When did Eukaryotes form? |
They formed 2.1 bya. |
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What are the 3 domains of life? |
1. Domain Archaea 2. Domain Bacteria 3. Domain Eukarya |
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Domain Archaea |
1. Unicellular 2. Can live in extreme conditions 3. They are prokaryotic |
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Domain Bacteria |
1. Unicellular 2. Can be found anywhere 3. Some can cause disease but some can be good. 4. It is a prokaryote. |
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Domain Eukarya |
1. Unicellular or multicellular 2. It is a eukaryote |
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Name the 4 kingdoms that make up the Domain Eukarya |
1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Protista 4. Fungi |
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Describe the structure of a bacterial cell |
1. Has a cell wall 2. Has a sticky capsule that provides protection and allows cell to stick to surfaces. 3. The flagella propels the cell making it mobile. |
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Binary Fission |
How prokaryotes reproduce by splitting in half. |
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List the 3 prokayotes shapes and structres |
1. Cocci 2. Bacili 3. Spiral |
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Cocci |
Cells with a spherical shape that may be found alone, in chains, or in clusters. |
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Bacili |
Rod shaped cells that may be found alone or in chains. |
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Spiral |
Most prokaryotes with a curved or spiral shape occur singly. |
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Biofilm |
Organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface such as rock or living tissue. |
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Nitrogen Fixation |
The chemical processes by which nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle. |
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Decomposer |
An organism that secretes enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them to inorganic form. |
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Bioremediation |
The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. |
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Name the 3 types of Archaea |
1. Methanogens (Produce methane gas) 2. Halophiles (Salt lovers) 3. Thermophiles (Heat lovers) |
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Name the 4 ways how bacteria can transfer DNA between cells |
1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation 4. Plasmid Transfer |
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Explain the two ways in how internal membranes evolved |
1. An inward folding of the plasma membrane 2. The engulfment of other free-living cells |
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Name the 4 types of protists |
1. Protozoan 2. Amoeba 3. Slime Molds 4. Algae |
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Protozoan |
Protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating. |
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Amoeba |
Single-celled protists with great flexibility. |
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Slime Molds |
Protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle. |
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Algae |
Photosynthetic protists able to produce their own food from sunlight. |
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Endosymbiosis |
When one species lives inside another host species. |
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Describe the structure of a Virus |
1. Wrapped in a protein called a capsid 2. Contains recognition spike 3. Contains nucleic acids 4. Some viruses contain a membrane envelope |
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Bacteriophage |
A virus that infects a bacteria.
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Name the 2 stages of the reproduction of Bacteriophage |
1. Lytic Cycle 2. Lysogenic Cycle |
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Lytic Cycle |
Viral DNA replicates using cells machinery. |
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Lysogenic Cycle |
Viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosome. |
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True/False: HIV infects the cells in the immune System |
True: HIV infects the cells in the immune system. |
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Prions |
Infectious protein, misshaped version of a normal brain protein. |
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Viroids |
Do not encode proteins but can replicate in host plant cells by using the hosts own cellular enzymes. |
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Name some examples of Fungi |
1. Penicilin 2. Yeast 3. Parasitic Fungus 4. Lichen 5. Edible Fungi 6. Molds |
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True/False: Plants evolved from fungi |
True: Plants evolved from fungi. |
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Hyphae |
One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus. |
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Mycorrhizae |
A mutually beneficial symbiotic association of plant, root, and fungus. |
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Name the parts of the shoot system of plants |
1. Terminal Buds 2. Flowers 3. Node 4. Internode 5. Stem |
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Name the 2 types of plant tissue |
1. Phloem 2. Xylem |
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Ploem |
Transports sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plant. |
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Xylem |
Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the shoot. |
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Name the 4 modern plant types |
1. Bryophytes 2. Seedless Vascular Plants 3. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms |
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Bryophytes |
1. Seedless 2. Nonvascular 3. Waxy outer layer that helps to retain moisture 4. Example: Moss |
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Stomata |
A pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. |