Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nutrient |
a chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive; nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy |
|
metabolism |
the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life |
|
catabolism |
the metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller subunits |
|
anabolism |
the metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits |
|
metabolic rate |
the rate at which the body converts stores energy into working energy |
|
Metabolic rate depends on what five factors? |
Body size (larger body = more energy needed), Physical activity (muscle burns more energy than fat), sex (males typically require more energy than females), age (the rate decreases with age), and hereditary factors (some people have naturally high metabolic rates). |
|
basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
the minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive |
|
triglyceride |
a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that are bonded together |
|
vitamin |
an organic molecule that the body requires in small amounts as an essential nutrient |
|
mineral |
an element, such as calcium or phosphorus, required by the body in small amounts; plays a role in cell processes and repair |
|
Anorexia Nervosa |
psychological disorder that usually begins as nothing more than simple dieting, but then progresses to extremes (the use of laxatives, extreme dieting, diet pills, excessive exercising, and even enemas). |
|
Overeating |
Genetic factors can lead to obesity, but it can also occur due to unhealthy eating habits. |
|
Bulimia |
A psychological disorder that involves excessive eating followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative use to prevent weight gain. Unlike people with Anorexia, people with Bulimia often recognize that they have an eating disorder, leading to feelings of guilt. It can also cause tooth decay and mouth sores. |
|
gastrovascular cavity |
a simple, sac-like digestive cavity that has only one opening through which food is taken in and wastes are expelled (ex. Jellyfish) |
|
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) |
the passageway or tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and in which the process of digestion takes place |
|
enzyme |
any chemical produced by cells that facilitates biochemical reactions in the body, such as those involved indigestion and metabolism; all enzymes are proteins |
|
amylase |
an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates |
|
mucus |
a protective secretion produced by the epithelial cells that form the mucous membrane |
|
esophagus |
an organ consisting of a muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach |
|
peristalsis |
the rhythmic, involuntary wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract |
|
sphincter |
the circular muscle that contracts to close an opening in the body |
|
chyme |
a semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice |
|
gastrin |
a hormone that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach |
|
pepsin |
a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach |
|
ulcer |
a lesion or open sore on the epithelium of an organ |
|
What would happen if the stomach produced pepsin instead of pepsinogen? |
The stomach would eat itself |
|
How are ulcers created? |
They occur when they stomach's lining is exposed to the stomach's acids |
|
villus |
a small, finger-like projection of the small intestine mucosa |
|
microvillus |
a microscopic projection of the cell membrane of certain types of epithelial cells; greatly increases the surface area of the cell |
|
lacteal |
a lymphatic vessel within a villus, through which digested fats enter the circulatory system |
|
What is secreted by the special cells in the mucosa of the duodenum that is then released into the bloodstream when fat-rich chyme enters the duodenum? |
CCK... it signals the pancreas to secrete a variety of substances needed for digestion |
|
secretin |
a hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions |
|
trypsin |
a protein-digesting enzyme produced from trypsinogen |
|
enterokinase |
an enzyme of the small intestine that converts inactive trypsinogen into trypsin |
|
lipase |
an enzyme that digests lipids |
|
bile |
a substance that emulsifies fats for faster breakdown by lipases; produced by the liver |
|
passive transport |
the movement of materials across a cell membrane without any expenditure of the cell's energy |
|
concentration gradient |
the difference in the number of molecules or ions of a substance in a given volume between adjoining areas |
|
facilitated diffusion |
the diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane via a transport protein |
|
active transport |
the transportation of materials through a cell membrane using energy from the cell |
|
cecum |
a blind pouch at the upper end of the large intestine |
|
colon |
the longest part of the large intestine |
|
rectum |
the lower 20cm of the large intestine, gernally referred to as the lower bowel, where feces are stored |
|
anus |
the opening at the lower end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes are eliminated from the body |
|
egestion |
the removal of waste food materials from the body |
|
feces |
the undigested material that is eliminated as waste from the body |
|
endoscopy |
any medical procedure that uses an endoscope to look inside the body |
|
nausea |
the feeling associated with having the urge to vomit |
|
emesis |
the expulsion of stomach contents through the esophagus and the mouth; also known as vomiting |
|
diarrhea |
loose or watery feces |
|
aerobic cellular respiration |
the series of chemical reactions that occur in the cells that provide energy and consume oxygen |
|
phosphorylation |
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule |
|
gas exchange |
the processes whereby the body cells obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide |
|
ventilation |
the process in more complex organisms that ensures a flow of oxygen-rich air to the lungs |
|
trachea |
the tube leading from the mouth toward the lungs |
|
What are the four primary structural features of the respiratory system in mammals? |
1. Thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur 2. large surface area for gas exchange 3. good supply of blood 4. breathing system for bringing oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane |
|
bronchus |
one of the two main branches of the trachea that lead toward the lungs |
|
bronchiole |
a tiny branch of a bronchus that connects to a cluster of alveoli |
|
alveolus |
a tiny sac at the end of a bronchiole that forms the respiratory membrane |
|
diaphragm |
a large sheet of muscle located beneath the lungs that is the primary muscle in breathing |
|
external intercostal muscle |
a muscle that raises the rib cage, decreasing pressure inside the chest cavity |
|
internal intercostal muscle |
a muscle that pulls the rib cage downward, increasing pressure inside the chest cavity |
|
pleural membrane |
a thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity |
|
pneumothorax |
a collapsed lung caused by the introduction of air between the pleural membrane |
|
total lung capactiy |
the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled during a single breath |
|
tidal volume |
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, involuntary breath |
|
inspiratory reserve volume |
the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation |
|
expiratory reserve volume |
the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation |
|
residual volume |
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation |
|
vital capacity |
the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled |
|
VO2 |
an estimated or measured value representing the rate at which oxygen is used in the body, measured in millilitres per kilogram per minute |
|
VO2MAX |
the maximum rate at which oxygen can be used in an individual, measured in millilitres per kilogram per minute |
|
What are some disorders associated with the respiratory system? |
Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, and Cystic Fibrosis (CF) |
|
What are the three fundamental components of the circulatory system? |
1. Fluid that transports (circulates) materials through the body 2. a network of tubes in which the fluid circulates 3. a pump that pushes the fluid through the tubes |
|
hemolymph |
a mixture of blood and tissue fluid that is the circulating fluid in an open circulatory system |
|
atrium |
a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body (human hearts have a left and right atrium) |
|
ventricle |
a chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the body (the human heart contains a left and right ventricle) |
|
septum |
a wall of tissue that divides a body cavity or structure into smaller parts; for example, the ventricle of a mammal's heart is divided into two cavities by a septum |
|
pulmonary circuit |
the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs |
|
systemic circuit |
the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood around the body |
|
serum |
the fluid that results from the cells, platelets, and fibrinogen have been removed from whole blood |
|
erythrocyte |
a red blood cell |
|
pus |
a yellowish-white fluid formed in infected tissue, consisting of white blood cells and cellular debris |
|
leukocyte |
a white blood cell |
|
platelet |
a cell fragment in the blood that is necessary for blood clotting |
|
anemia |
a condition of a low erythrocyte count or a low hemoglobin level, which leads to low oxygen levels |
|
What makes up an ideal blood substitute? |
1. does not induce an antibody reaction in the recipient 2. eliminates, or reduces, the possibility of transmitting infection 3. is capable of delivering adequate oxygen 4. is readily available, capable of being stores at room temperature, and have a long shelf-life |
|
aorta |
the largest blood vessel in the body, connected directly to the heart; the aorta branches into arteries that carry oxygenated blood to the body tissues |
|
arteriole |
the smallest artery, with smooth muscle in its walls |
|
vasodilation |
an increase in the diameter (dilation) of arterioles that increases the blood flow to tissues |
|
vasoconstriction |
a decrease in the diameter of arterioles that decreases the blood flow to tissues |
|
venule |
the smallest vein; formed by the merging of capillaries |
|
systolic pressure |
the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts |
|
diastolic pressure |
the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes |
|
hypertension |
consistent blood pressure above the range of normal values; also called high blood pressure |
|
lymph |
tissue fluid collected in lymph vessels and returned to the blood |
|
lymph node |
an enlargement in the lymph vessels that acts as a filter to remove bacteria and foreign particles |
|
spleen |
the largest organ of the lymphatic system; acts as a filter and a reservoir of erythrocytes and leukocytes |
|
thymus |
a glandular organ of the lymphatic system; secretes hormones to promote the maturity of lymphocytes |
|
pericardium |
a two-layered fluid-filled membrane that surrounds the heart and prevents friction between the heart and other tissues and organs |
|
coronary blood vessel |
a blood vessel that circulates blood to and from the muscle cells of the heart |
|
semilunar valve |
the vale located between the left ventricle and the aorta and the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries to prevent the backflow of blood when the ventricles relax |
|
atrioventricular valve |
the valve located between each atrium and ventricle to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria |
|
chordae tendineae |
tendons that support the atrioventricular valves |
|
cardiac cycle |
the contractions and relaxations of the heart muscles during a complete heartbeat |
|
diastole |
the period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are relaxed; blood fills the ventricles |
|
systole |
the period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the ventricles |
|
myogenic muscle |
muscle that can contract and relax without input from an external source |
|
sinoatrial (SA) node |
a mass of muscle and nerve cells in the right atrium; initiates the heartbeat and maintains the regular rhythm |
|
atrioventricular (AV) node |
a mass of conducting cells that transmits the signals from the SA node to the muscles of the ventricles |
|
Purkinje fibre |
a conducting fibre that carries the electrical signals from the AV node to the muscle cells of the ventricles |
|
electrocardiograph |
a device that detects the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the body's surface |