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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basic Anatomy of the Digestive Tract
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Mouth; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anus
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α-amylase
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Digestion begins with α-amylase contained in saliva
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Esophagus
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Part of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach
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Peristalsis
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Wavelike muscular contractions in tubular structures, especially organs of the digestive system
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Chyme
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Mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
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Four Major Cell Types in the Stomach
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1. Mucous cells
2. Chief (peptic) cells 3. Parietal (oxyntic) cells 4. G cells |
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Mucous cells
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Secrete mucous to lubricates the walls of the stomach and protects the epithelial lining from the acidic environment
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Chief (peptic) cells
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Secrete pepsinogen, the zymogen precursor to pepsin which begins protein digestion
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Parietal cells
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Secrete HCl which diffuses into the lumen which lowers the pH of the stomach and raises the pH of the blood
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G cells
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Secrete gastrin (peptide hormone) into the interstitium which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl.
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90% of digestion occurs in the
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Small intestine
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Most of digestion occurs in the
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Duodenum
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Most of absorption occurs in the
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Ileum
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Villi
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Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall for greater digestion and absorption
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Microvilli
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On the apical side (lumen side)
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Brush border
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Fuzzy covering of microvilli that contain membrane bound digestive enzymes
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Goblet cells
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Secrete mucous to lubricate intestine and help protect the brush border from mechanical and chemical damage
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Pancreatic enzymes
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Trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase; all act as zymogens
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Bile
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Produced in the liver, stored by the gall bladder; breaks up fat into smaller particles to be absorbed by enterocytes
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Large intestine
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Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon; water and electrolyte absorption
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Albumin
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Heat-coagulable, water-soluble proteins that occur in blood plasma or serum, muscle, the whites of eggs, milk, and other animal substances and in many plant tissues and fluids
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Fat is insoluble and typically requires a carrier
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Lipoproteins or albumin
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Globulin
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A group of proteins that contain antibodies
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When the liver mobilizes fat or protein for energy...
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It produces acids called ketone bodies which often results in ketosis or acidosis; Blood acidity increases
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Liver functions
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Blood & filtration, carbohydrate, fat, & protein metabolism, detoxification, erythrocyte destruction, and vitamin storage
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Kidney
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Excrete waste products, maintain homeostasis, help control plasma pH
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Renal corpuscle
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Where filtration occurs
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Proximal tubule
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Reabsorption and secretion
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Loop of Henle
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Concentrates solute in the medulla
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Collecting duct
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Concentrates the urine
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The amount of filtrate is related to
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The hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus
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Descending loop of Henle
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Permeable to water
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Ascending loop of Henle
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Impermeable to water and actively transports Na in and K out.
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus
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Monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tube
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