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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does nitrate deficiency cause? |
Stunted growth |
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What does magnesium deficiency cause? |
Discolouration |
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Formula for size |
Magnification=size of image/size of real object |
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What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t |
A cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with sap |
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Small rings of dna are called |
Plasmids |
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Animal and plant cells are called ... Bacterial cells are called... |
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes |
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What is mitosis important for |
Growth, repair and development of multicellular organisms |
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What is a tissue |
A group of cells with similar structure and function |
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What is an organ |
A collection of tissues performing specific functions |
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What is the livers function in the digestive system |
Producing bile |
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What is the stomachs role in the digestive system |
Breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules |
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What is the small intestines role in the digestive system |
Break down and absorbtion |
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What is the large intestines role in the digestive system |
Absorbing water from undigested food |
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Test for sugars |
Benedicts solution turns brick red on heating |
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Test for starch |
Iodine turns blue-black |
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Test for protein |
Biuret reagent turns purple |
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What is metabolism |
The sum of all reactions in a cell or the body |
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What catalyses the break down of carbohydrates |
Carbohydrases e.g. Amylase |
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What catalyses the break down of proteins |
Proteases turn them into amino acids |
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What catalyses the break down of fats |
Lipases turns them into fatty acids and glycerol |
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What does bile do |
It emulsifies fats and gives optimum pHs to the enzymes |
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What is in blood |
Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets |
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What does the blood do |
Transports proteins and chemicals around the body |
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What do red blood cells contain |
Haemoglobin that binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues |
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What do platelets do |
Cell fragments that start the clotting process at wound sites |
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Properties of an artery |
Thick walls, small lumen, thick layer of muscle |
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Properties of veins |
Thin walls, large lumen, have valves |
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Properties of a capillary |
Single cell thick walls, tiny vessel |
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Humans have a what circulatory system |
Double |
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Where is the muscle on the heart thickest |
Left because it has to pump all around the body |
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What do statins do |
Reduce cholesterol levels in the blood reducing the risk of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries |
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Where is the natural pacemaker |
In the wall of the right atrium |
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What type of cell cover the surface of a plant and protect them |
Epidermal |
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What type of plant cells contain lots of chloroplasts |
Palisade mesophyll |
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What plant cell contains large air spaces and have a large surface area for diffusion of gases |
Spongy mesophyll |
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Which plant cell carry water and dissolved mineral ions through the plant |
Xylem |
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What type of plant cell transports dissolved food around the plant |
Phloem |
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What other factors affect health |
Diet, stress and life situation |
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How does a virus cause disease |
They live and reproduce inside your cells causing cell damage |
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How do bacteria make you feel ill |
They produce toxins that make you feel ill |
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Examples of viral diseases |
Measles, HIV/AIDS, tobacco mosaic virus |
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Examples of Bacterial diseases |
Salmonella, gonorrhoea and galls in plants |
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Examples of a fungal disease |
Rose black spot |
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Example of a protist disease |
Malaria |
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Examples of physical plant defences |
Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles and layers of bark |
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Examples of Chemical plant defences |
Antibacterial chemicals and poisons |
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Examples of mechanical adaptations |
Thorns, hairs and mimicry to trick animals |
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Why is it difficult to produce cures for viral diseases |
Because they live in a host cell it is hard for a drug to treat the viral cell without damaging healthy body cells |
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What is the first stage of drug trials |
Tested on human tissues in the lab for toxicity and efficacy |
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What is the second stage of drug testing |
Tested on animals for side effects and dosage |
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What happens in the third stage of drug trials |
Tested on healthy volunteers to check for side effects |
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What happens in the 4th stage of drug trials |
Tested on patients with the disease to find optimum dose |
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What is the fifth stage of drug trails |
Peer review of the data then it is published and can be prescrib |
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What can monoclonal antibodies be used for |
Diagnosis of pregnancy To measure levels of chemicals in the blood and detecting pathogens for research To identify or locate specific molecules in cells or tissue |
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What can monoclonal antibodies be used for |
Diagnosis of pregnancy To measure levels of chemicals in the blood and detecting pathogens for research To identify or locate specific molecules in cells or tissue |
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How are monoclonal antibodies made |
Stimulating mouse B lymphocytes to make a specific antibody and it is bonded to a tumour cell to form a hybridoma which means they are quickly cloned. |
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Risk factors for disease |
Smoking, lack of exercise or overeating, ionising radiation or UV light |
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How are tumours made |
Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division |
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How are tumours made |
Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division |
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What type of tumours form in one place and not spread to other tissues |
Benign |
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How are tumours made |
Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division |
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What type of tumours form in one place and not spread to other tissues |
Benign |
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What type of tumours invade neighbouring tissues and form secondary tumours |
Malignant |
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How are tumours made |
Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division |
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What type of tumours form in one place and not spread to other tissues |
Benign |
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What type of tumours invade neighbouring tissues and form secondary tumours |
Malignant |
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What can smoking cause |
Cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and lung diseases |
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Why does smoking affect pregnancy |
The fetus is exposed to smoke and has restricted oxygen which can lead to premature birth, low birthweight and even stillbirth |
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What does diet affect |
Developing high cholesterol which could lead to coronary heart disease |
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What can alcohol affect |
It can damage the liver and cause liver cancer if taken in by pregnant women it can affect the development of the unborn baby |
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What type of reaction is photosynthesis |
Endothermic |
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The products of photosynthesis are |
Glucose and oxygen |
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The rate of photosynthesis is affected by |
Light intensity/wavelength, temperature, level of CO2 and the amount of chlorophyll |
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What do plants use glucose for |
Starch for storage, cellulose to strengthen cell walls and to produce amino acids used to make proteins |
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What do plants need nitrate ions for |
To make amino acids used to make proteins |
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What type of reaction is respiration |
Exothermic |
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What are the body’s responses to excercise |
Any increase in heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume Glycogen stores in the muscles are converted to glucose for cellular respiration |
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What is Anaerobic respiration |
The incomplete breakdown of glucose to form lactic acid |
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Give 4 examples of metabolic reactions |
The conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose The formation of lipid molecules The reactions of respiration The reactions of photosynthesis |