Biology Paper 1 (Aqa)

•Nucleus

•Cytoplasm

•Cell Membrane

•Mitochondria

•Ribosomes

•Cell Walls

•Permanent Vacuole

•Chloroplasts

It controls the activities of the Cell, and contains the Genetic Material.

Most chemical reactions take place.

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the Cell.

Aerobic Respiration.

Proteins are synthesised (made).

A substance made of Cellulose which strengthens the Cell.

A substance made from Cell Sap which supports the Plant.

To absorb light in order to make food in the form of Glucose. This process is called Photosynthesis.

•Prokaryotic

•Eukaryotic

•Plant Cells

•Animal Cells

•Fungal Cells

•Bacterial Cells

•Prokaryotic Cells are much smaller in size.

•Prokaryotic Cells do not have their Genetic Material enclosed in a Nucleus.

•Prokaryotic Cells Genetic Material is a single DNA loop (Plasmid).

•Prokaryotic Cells don’t contain Mitochondria or Chloroplasts.

Bacterial Cells to move Genes from one Cell to another.

•Plasmid DNA

•Chromosomal DNA

•Flagella

•A Cell Wall

•A Cytoplasm

•Plasmid DNA

•Chromosomal DNA

•Flagella

•A Cell Wall

•A Cytoplasm

A small section of DNA that can replicate independently of Chromosomal DNA.

DNA of Bacteria not found within a Nucleus. It is found as one Circular Chromosome.

Tail-like structures that rotate to help some Bacteria move.

0.1mm in diameter.

0.02mm in diameter.

The ability to see two or more objects as separate objects.

In the late 16th century. It gave greater resolution than the human eye.

1933 and it gave a much greater resolution.

How many times larger the Image is than the Real Object.

Size of Image / Size of Real Object

A type of Cell Division?

Every 20 Mins.

A type of Jelly.

A substance that provides the nutrients for the artificial growth of Bacteria and other cells.

Chromosomes made of DNA.

Part of a Chromosome, made of DNA, which codes for a protein.

Chromosomes made of DNA.

Part of a Chromosome, made of DNA, which codes for a protein.

When Cells go through a series of changes involving Growth and Division.

1) One set of Chromosomes is pulled to each end of the Cell.

2) The Nucleus divides.

3) The Cytoplasm and Cell Membranes divide to form two identical Cells.

Stem Cells that haven’t become specialised.

They can help in the Growth and Repair of Cells.

They can only make certain types of Cells and their capacity to divide is limited. Whereas Embryonic Stem Cells do not suffer from these characteristics.

Stem Cells that haven’t become specialised.

They can help in the Growth and Repair of Cells.

They can only make certain types of Cells and their capacity to divide is limited. Whereas Embryonic Stem Cells do not suffer from these characteristics.

In treating conditions where Cells are damaged or not working properly such as Diabetes and Paralysis.

When a Cloned Embryo of the patient is made and used as a source of Stem Cells.

Stem Cells that haven’t become specialised.

They can help in the Growth and Repair of Cells.

They can only make certain types of Cells and their capacity to divide is limited. Whereas Embryonic Stem Cells do not suffer from these characteristics.

In treating conditions where Cells are damaged or not working properly such as Diabetes and Paralysis.

When a Cloned Embryo of the patient is made and used as a source of Stem Cells. (These Stem Cells will not be rejected by the patients body)

•There may be risks such as the transfer of viral infection.

•There may have ethical or religious objections.

Special areas in plants, stem cells are found. They allow plants to produce clones quickly.

•To protect rare species of plants from extinction.

•Large numbers of identical crop plants with special features such as disease resistance.

The Net Movement of Particles that move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they are evenly spread out.

•Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide diffuse during gas exchange.

•Urea diffuses from Cells into the blood plasma for excretion by the kidney.

•Digested food molecules from the small intestine diffuse into the blood.

•The Concentration Gradient

•The Temperature

•The surface area of the membrane.

A Single-Celled Organism.

When water moves across Cell Membranes. (The Diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution).

A Single-Celled Organism.

When water moves across Cell Membranes. (The Diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution).

Moving substances against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to high concentration.

Cells which have differentiated to form another type of Cell.

•It may change shape.

•It may have different Sub-Nuclear structures develop, which enables the Cell to carry out a specific function.

A group of Cells that have a similar structure and function.

Groups of different Tissues, which work together to form a specific job.

A group of Organs which work to do a particular job.

Biological Catalysts.

•They are all large proteins.

•There is a space within the protein molecule called the Active Site.

•Each Enzyme catalyses a Specific reaction.

•They work best at a specific temperature and pH called the Optimum.

A model used to explain how Enzymes work. The chemical that reacts is called the Substrate (Key) and it fits into the Enzyme’s Active Site (Lock).

When high temperatures and extreme pHs make Enzymes change shape.

No, it cannot work because the Substrate cannot got into the Active Site.

1)The Enzymes Pass out of the Cells and into the Digestive System.

2)They come into contact with food Molecules.

3)They catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food Molecules into smaller soluble Molecules.

When high temperatures and extreme pHs make Enzymes change shape.

No, it cannot work because the Substrate cannot got into the Active Site.

1)The Enzymes Pass out of the Cells and into the Digestive System.

2)They come into contact with food Molecules.

3)They catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food Molecules into smaller soluble Molecules.

•Protease (breaks down proteins).

•Lipase (breaks down lipids (fats and oils)).

•Carbohydrase (breaks down carbohydrates.

They all help to produce smaller Molecules which can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

When high temperatures and extreme pHs make Enzymes change shape.

No, it cannot work because the Substrate cannot got into the Active Site.

1)The Enzymes Pass out of the Cells and into the Digestive System.

2)They come into contact with food Molecules.

3)They catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food Molecules into smaller soluble Molecules.

•Protease (breaks down proteins into Peptides and Amino Acids).

•Lipase (breaks down lipids (fats and oils into Fatty Acids and Glycerol).

•Carbohydrase (breaks down carbohydrates into Starch).

They all help to produce smaller Molecules which can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

A Carbohydrase (produced in the Salivary Glands and the Pancreas) that breaks down Starch into sugar.

A Digestive Enzyme (produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine) which breaks down proteins into Peptides and Amino Acids.

A Digestive Enzyme (that is produced in the pancreas and small intestine) which helps to break down lipids into Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

A liquid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It is used to neutralise the Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach.

•Red Blood Cells

•White Blood Cells

•Platelets

A clear fluid part of the blood that contains dissolved substances such as proteins and mineral ions.

Transports various chemical substances (like hormones, antibodies, urea and carbon dioxide) around the body.

•They contain Haemoglobin.

•They don’t contain a Nucleus so there’s more room for Haemoglobin.

•They are very small, and so they can fit through the tiny Capillaries.

•They are shaped like Biconcave Discs, giving them a larger surface area that oxygen can quickly Diffuse across.

A red pigment in Red Blood Cells, that carries oxygen to the Organs.

•They help to protect the body against the infection.

•They can change shape, so they can squeeze out of the blood vessels into tissues in order to surround and engulf microorganisms.

Fragments of Cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting (in order to make a scab).

•Arteries

•Veins

•Capillaries

A type of Blood Vessel which transports Blood from your Heart to your Organs. They have thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres.

A type of Blood Vessel which transports Blood from your Organs to your Heart. They have thin walls and valves to prevent back-flow.

A type of Blood Vessel which allows substances needed by the Cells to pass out of the Blood, and it allows substances produced by the Cells to pass into the Blood. They are narrow and have thin walls.

The type of Blood System found in mammals, where the Blood goes through the Heart twice on each circuit of the body.

•The left and right Atria.

•The left and right Ventricles.

The upper Chambers of the Heart, which receive Blood from the Veins.

The lower two Chambers of the Heart.

1)Deoxygenated Blood enters the Right Atrium, through the Vena Cava.

2)The Right Atrium contracts and forces the Blood into the Right Ventricle.

3)The Right Ventricle contracts and forces the Blood out of the Heart and into the Pulmonary Artery.

4)The Pulmonary Artery pumps the Blood to the Lungs, where the Oxygen binds to the Haemoglobin.

5)The Pulmonary Vein returns the now Oxygenated Blood to the Left Atrium.

6)The Left Atrium contracts and forces the Blood into the Left Ventricle.

7)The Left Ventricle contracts and forces Blood out of the Heart via the Aorta.

A group of Cells located in the Right Atrium that control Heart Rate.

An electronic device used to correct irregularities in the Heart Rate.

To prevent the back-flow of Blood.

1)The Heart sends Blood to the Lungs via the Pulmonary Artery.

2)Oxygen is transported from the Mouth to the Lungs through the Trachea (Windpipe).

3)The Trachea divides into two tubes (the Bronchi).

4)The Bronchi divide into Bronchioles.

5) The Bronchioles divide until they end with Alveoli.

6) The Blood is Oxygenated then transported back to the Heart through the Pulmonary Vein.

A group of Cells located in the Right Atrium that control Heart Rate.

An electronic device used to correct irregularities in the Heart Rate.

To prevent the back-flow of Blood.

1)The Heart sends Blood to the Lungs via the Pulmonary Artery.

2)Oxygen is transported from the Mouth to the Lungs through the Trachea (Windpipe).

3)The Trachea divides into two tubes (the Bronchi).

4)The Bronchi divide into Bronchioles.

5) The Bronchioles divide until they end with Alveoli.

6) The Blood is Oxygenated then transported back to the Heart through the Pulmonary Vein.

•They are tiny air sacs.

•They have a large, moist surface area.

•They have a very rich Blood Supply.

•They are very close to the Blood Capillaries, so the distance for the gases to Diffuse is small.

A state of physical and mental well-being.

A malfunction/infection of the body.

•Communicable Diseases.

•Non-Communicable Diseases.

A Disease which can be spread between Organisms.

A Disease that cannot be spread between Organisms.

•Viruses infecting Cells can be the trigger of Cancer.

•Diseases of the Immune System mean that an individual is more likely to catch an infectious Disease.

•Immune reactions triggered by a Pathogen can cause Allergic Reactions.

•Physical Illness may lead to Mental Illness.

•Poor Diet, stress and poor Mental Health can increase your likely good of catching certain Diseases.

A state of physical and mental well-being.

A malfunction/infection of the body.

•Communicable Diseases.

•Non-Communicable Diseases.

A Disease which can be spread between Organisms.

A Disease that cannot be spread between Organisms.

•Viruses infecting Cells can be the trigger of Cancer.

•Diseases of the Immune System mean that an individual is more likely to catch an infectious Disease.

•Immune reactions triggered by a Pathogen can cause Allergic Reactions.

•Physical Illness may lead to Mental Illness.

•Poor Diet, stress and poor Mental Health can increase your likely good of catching certain Diseases.

A factor that wills increase the chance of developing a Disease. For example a persons lifestyle choices.

Layers of fatty material builds up in the Coronary Arteries.

•Stents (Keeps Coronary Arteries open).

•Statins (Reduces Blood Cholesterol levels, which slows down the rate of production of fatty materials).

•A Donor Heart can be transplanted.

•Artificial Hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a Heart transplant/waiting for the Heart to recover.

•A Donor Heart can be transplanted.

•Artificial Hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a Heart transplant/waiting for the Heart to recover.

Replacement:

•Biological Valves

•Mechanical Valves

Masses of Cells.

•Benign Tumours (don’t spread around the body).

•Malignant Tumours (spread in the Blood to different parts of the body where they form Secondary Tumours).

•A Donor Heart can be transplanted.

•Artificial Hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a Heart transplant/waiting for the Heart to recover.

Replacement:

•Biological Valves

•Mechanical Valves

Masses of Cells.

•Benign Tumours (don’t spread around the body).

•Malignant Tumours (spread in the Blood to different parts of the body where they form Secondary Tumours).

1)Water (contains Dissolved Minerals) enters the plant from the soil through the Root Hair Cells, by Osmosis.

2)The Water and Minerals are transported up the Xylem Vessels from the Roots to the Stems and Leaves.

3)At the Leaves most of the water will Evaporate and Diffuse our of the Stomata (This process is called Transpiration).

•A Donor Heart can be transplanted.

•Artificial Hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a Heart transplant/waiting for the Heart to recover.

Replacement:

•Biological Valves

•Mechanical Valves

Masses of Cells.

•Benign Tumours (don’t spread around the body).

•Malignant Tumours (spread in the Blood to different parts of the body where they form Secondary Tumours).

1)Water (contains Dissolved Minerals) enters the plant from the soil through the Root Hair Cells, by Osmosis.

2)The Water and Minerals are transported up the Xylem Vessels from the Roots to the Stems and Leaves.

3)At the Leaves most of the water will Evaporate and Diffuse our of the Stomata (This process is called Transpiration).

•An increase in Temperature will increase the rate.

•Faster Air Flow will increase the rate as it will blow away Water Vapour allowing more to Evaporate.

•An increase in Light Intensity will increase the rate as it will cause the Stomata to open.

•An increase in Humidity will decrease the rate as the air contains more Water Vapour.

The movement of food through Phloem Tissue.

Microorganisms that cause Communicable Disease.

•Simple hygiene measures e.g washing hands.

•Destroying Vectors.

•Isolating infected individuals.

•Giving people a t risk a Vaccination.

Organisms that carry and pass on the Pathogen without getting the Disease.

An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living Cells of a host.

They can damage the Cells directly or produce Toxins that damage Tissues.

Poisonous chemicals produced by certain Pathogens.

•Measles

•HIV

•Salmonella

•Gonorrhoea

Single-Celled Organisms, they are Eukaryotic Cells.

Malaria

Diseases are often caused by Fungi that are common in the environment. Most Fungi are not dangerous, but some types can be harmful to health.

Rose Black Spot.

Defences against the all Pathogens, which attempts to try and stop them from entering the body.

Physical:

•Hairs in the Nose

•Skin

•Mucus

•Platelets

Chemical:

•Tears

•Stomach Acid

•Antimicrobial Secretions (Sweat)

1)Microorganisms invade the body.

2)The White Blood Cell finds the Microorganisms and engulfs them.

3)The White Blood Cell ingests the Microorganisms.

4)The Microorganisms have been digested and destroyed.

1)Antigens are markers on the surface of the Microorganism.

2)The White Blood Cells becomes sensitised to the Antigens and thus triggers the production of Antibodies.

3)The Antibodies then lock onto the Antigens.

4)This causes the Microorganisms to clump together, so that other White Blood Cells can engulf them.

The quick response which prevents a person from getting ill.

1) A weakened or dead strain of the Microorganism is injected into the person. Antigens on the Microorganism’s surface cause the White Blood Cells to produce Antibodies.

2) The White Blood Cells are capable of quickly producing the specific Antibody and remain in the bloodstream.

When a large proportion of the population can be made immune to a Pathogen and thus the Pathogen cannot spread easily.

Medicines that kill Bacteria.

A strain of Bacteria which is resistant to Antibiotics.

•Doctors shouldn’t prescribe Antibiotics unless they are really need, for non-serious Infections or for Viral Infections.

The quick response which prevents a person from getting ill.

1) A weakened or dead strain of the Microorganism is injected into the person. Antigens on the Microorganism’s surface cause the White Blood Cells to produce Antibodies.

2) The White Blood Cells are capable of quickly producing the specific Antibody and remain in the bloodstream.

When a large proportion of the population can be made immune to a Pathogen and thus the Pathogen cannot spread easily.

Medicines that kill Bacteria.

A strain of Bacteria which is resistant to Antibiotics.

•Doctors shouldn’t prescribe Antibiotics unless they are really need, for non-serious Infections or for Viral Infections.

•Patients must complete their course of Antibiotics so that all Bacteria are killed and none survive to form resistant strains.

The quick response which prevents a person from getting ill.

1) A weakened or dead strain of the Microorganism is injected into the person. Antigens on the Microorganism’s surface cause the White Blood Cells to produce Antibodies.

2) The White Blood Cells are capable of quickly producing the specific Antibody and remain in the bloodstream.

When a large proportion of the population can be made immune to a Pathogen and thus the Pathogen cannot spread easily.

Medicines that kill Bacteria.

A strain of Bacteria which is resistant to Antibiotics.

•Doctors shouldn’t prescribe Antibiotics unless they are really need, for non-serious Infections or for Viral Infections.

•Patients must complete their course of Antibiotics so that all Bacteria are killed and none survive to form resistant strains.

Back (Definition)

The quick response which prevents a person from getting ill.

1) A weakened or dead strain of the Microorganism is injected into the person. Antigens on the Microorganism’s surface cause the White Blood Cells to produce Antibodies.

2) The White Blood Cells are capable of quickly producing the specific Antibody and remain in the bloodstream.

When a large proportion of the population can be made immune to a Pathogen and thus the Pathogen cannot spread easily.

Medicines that kill Bacteria.

A strain of Bacteria which is resistant to Antibiotics.

•Doctors shouldn’t prescribe Antibiotics unless they are really need, for non-serious Infections or for Viral Infections.

•Patients must complete their course of Antibiotics so that all Bacteria are killed and none survive to form resistant strains.

A Heart drug that originates from Foxgloves.

A Pain-Killer that originates from Willow.

An Antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillin Mould.

Antibodies which have been produced by a single Cell which had divided to make many Clones of itself.

•Pregnancy Tests - to bind to the Hormone HCG found in Urine during early Pregnancy.

•In Laboratories to measure the levels of Hormones and other chemicals in Blood, or to detect Pathogens.

•In Research to locate /identify specific Molecules in a Cell or Tissue by binding to them with fluorescent dye.

•To treat some Diseases.

•Stunted Growth.

•Spots on Leaves.

•Areas of Decay.

•Malformed (Abnormal) Stems or Leaves.

•Discolouration.

•The presence of Pests.

•Consulting a gardening manual/website.

•Taking infected Plants to a lab, to identify a Pathogen.

•Using testing kits, which contain Monoclonal Antibodies.

Antibodies which have been produced by a single Cell which had divided to make many Clones of itself.

•Pregnancy Tests - to bind to the Hormone HCG found in Urine during early Pregnancy.

•In Laboratories to measure the levels of Hormones and other chemicals in Blood, or to detect Pathogens.

•In Research to locate /identify specific Molecules in a Cell or Tissue by binding to them with fluorescent dye.

•To treat some Diseases.

•Stunted Growth.

•Spots on Leaves.

•Areas of Decay.

•Malformed (Abnormal) Stems or Leaves.

•Discolouration.

•The presence of Pests.

•Consulting a gardening manual/website.

•Taking infected Plants to a lab, to identify a Pathogen.

•Using testing kits, which contain Monoclonal Antibodies.

A widespread Plant Pathogen.

•It infects Tobacco Plants, and many other Plants including tomatoes.

•It produces a distinctive ‘Mosaic’ pattern of Discolouration on the Leaves, which reduces Chlorophyll content and affects Photosynthesis.

•It affects the Growth of a Plant due to the lack of Photosynthesis.

A Fungal Disease.

Small Insects that feed from the Phloem, taking sugars away from the Plant.

•Stunted Growth - caused by Nitrate Deficiency (as Nitrates are needed for Protein Synthesis).

•Chlorosis - Magnesium Deficiency, because Magnesium Ions are needed to make Chlorophyll.

•Cellulose Cell Wall.

•A tough-waxy Cuticle on Leaves.

•Layers of Dead Cells around Stems, which fall off and take the Pathogen with them.

•Antibacterial Chemicals, which are made by plants such as mint.

•Poisons to deter Herbivores.

A Fungal Disease.

Small Insects that feed from the Phloem, taking sugars away from the Plant.

•Stunted Growth - caused by Nitrate Deficiency (as Nitrates are needed for Protein Synthesis).

•Chlorosis - Magnesium Deficiency, because Magnesium Ions are needed to make Chlorophyll.

•Cellulose Cell Wall.

•A tough-waxy Cuticle on Leaves.

•Layers of Dead Cells around Stems, which fall off and take the Pathogen with them.

•Antibacterial Chemicals, which are made by plants such as mint.

•Poisons to deter Herbivores.

Carbon Dioxide (CO\/2) + Water (H\/2O) —> Glucose (C\/6H\/12O\/6) + Oxygen (O\/2)

•Temperature:

- Increase In Temp = Increase In Rate.

- As the Temp gets to 45°C Rate