Biology Paper 1

The DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell

The DNA is contained in chromosomes

The small section of DNA is called a gene

Adrenine - A

Thymine - T

Cytosine - C

Guanine - G

Adrenine and thymine

Cytosine and guanine

Repeating nucleotides which consist of :

A sugar

A phosphate

One of the four bases : A,C,G or T

Double helix

He discovered that characteristics are determined by “units” that are inherited and do not blend together

Then he observed chromosomes during cell division

Allleles

microorganisms that cause infectious (communicable ) diseases

Protists are eukaryotic ,single celled organisms

Example is malaria which is a protists which uses a vector to infect a person as they are bitten by the vector (mosquito )

Rose black spot which travels from plant to plant through air or water

Causes black or yellow spots on the plant which make leaves die

Hydrochloric acid in stomach kills bacteria

Skin

Hair

Mucus

Enzymes in tears destroy micro organisms

When white blood cells surround a pathogen and engulf it to destroy it

Produce antibodies which attach to an pathogens antigen

This causes all of that pathogen to clump which lets the white blood cells come and digest them

Produce antitoxins which are chemicals that neutralise the poisonous effects of the toxins

When a same pathogen re enters the body , the white blood cells have already made the antibodies which fit that specific pathogen making a quicker response to it

Vaccination is when small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen are injectors into the body

This makes the body’s immune system react in a normal way to produce antibodies for that specific pathogen

Therefore in the future they have immunity against that pathogen

They can effect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact ;water ; air and vectors

Organisms that carry and pass on a pathogen without getting the disease themselves

Fever

Red skin rash

It fights against the body’s immune system

Discolouration in leaves

Affects plants photosynthesis and growth

Reproduce rapidly in body cells causing damage to the cells

May damage cells directly or produce toxins that damage tissues

Salmonella is a bacteria that secretes toxins which cause cramps vomiting and diarrhoea

Gonorrhoea is a std bacteria and cause thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain when urinating

The nucleus

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell wall

Controls the activities of a cell

Holds chromosomes

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell

Holds chemical reactions

Permanent structures in plants containing sap

Contains chlorophyll that absorbs light for photosynthesis

Extra later outside cell membrane which contains strong fibres called cellulose

Controls the activities of a cell

Holds chromosomes

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell

Holds chemical reactions

Permanent structures in plants containing sap

Contains chlorophyll that absorbs light for photosynthesis

Extra later outside cell membrane which contains strong fibres called cellulose

Kills bacteria inside the body but cannot destroy viruses

As if patients don’t complete their full course of antibiotics then not all the bacteria is killed and some may live and adapt to be resistant to antibiotics

As antiviral drugs need to be adapted so the don’t damage the body’s tissue

New antibiotics need to be developed so they can kill the new strains of bacteria that are resistant to old medication

Digitalis - heart drug that originated from foxgloves

Aspirin - pain killer originated from willow

Penicillin - discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould

1) made by chemist in lab

2) tested to see if it’s toxic

3) tested on humans to see if it works and find the optimum dose

1) made by chemist in lab

2) tested to see if it’s toxic

3) tested on humans to see if it works and find the optimum dose

Usually through double blind trials where the patients are given either the drug or a placebo -patients allocated randomly -neither doctors or patients know who has the drug

Carbon dioxide + water + light =

Glucose + oxygen

CO2 + H20 + light = C6 H12 06 + 02

Carbon dioxide + water + light =

Glucose + oxygen

CO2 + H20 + light = C6 H12 06 + 02

Endothermic as it takes heat in

Trapped by the green chemical called chlorophyll which is found in chloroplast

Temperature

Carbon dioxide concentration

Light intensity

Chlorophyll concentration

Insoluble starch -in stems and leaves

Fat or oil - in seeds

Cellulose - to strengthen cell walls

Proteins -used for growth and enzymes

Exothermic as it releases energy from glucose molecules

Insoluble starch -in stems and leaves

Fat or oil - in seeds

Cellulose - to strengthen cell walls

Proteins -used for growth and enzymes

Exothermic as it releases energy from glucose molecules

When organisms use glucose to release energy for :

Chemical reactions

Movement

Keep warm

It can be aerobic or anaerobic

Glucose +oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

C6 H12 O6 + 02 = CO2 + H20

Glucose = lactic acid

As glucose is not completely broken down meaning it transfers a lot less energy

Glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation

At first the body aerobically respirates until more energy is needed - this I when anaerobic respiration happens to give the extra energy , however to much anaerobic respiration leads to a build up of lactic acid which is a poison and creates an oxygen debt

Lactic acid causes the muscles to hurt and stops them contracting efficiently

After exercise is done lactic acid is transported to the liver where it’s broken down

An oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the lactic acid to remove it from cells

Metabolism is the sum of al chemical reactions in a cell or in the body - these reactions are controlled by enzymes and many need a transfer of energy

Plant animal and fungal

Bacterial

Tail like structures on bacteria cells to help them move

Size of image / size of real object

When a cell divides into two identical daughter cells after its duplicated it’s sub cellular structures

Undifferentiated cells that have not become specialised - this means they can divide to make different types of cells

Found in human embryos organs and tissues

When a cloned embryo of the patient is used as a source of stem cells to treat the patients conditions where cells are damaged or not working properly

A special place where plants store the stem cells for easy growth - can be used to clone a rare species of plant

When a substance move in and out of cells through the cell membranes - Number of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration e.g oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in the lungs

Difference in concentrations

Temperature

Surface area of membrane

The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

When substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration - allows mineral ions to be absorbed into root hairs

Cells that have adapted through its lifetime to do a job e.g sperm ,nerve and muscle cells

Can change it’s shape or sub cellular structures so it can do its job better

A group of cells arranged with simulate structure and function which all work together to do a job

A group of cells arranged with simulate structure and function which all work together to do a job

Groups of different tissues which all work together to perform a specific job

Are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Large proteins

Work best at optimum temperature

They have a space called active site

Each enzyme works for a specific reaction

Model explained on how enzymes work -the chemical that reacts is the key and it fits into the enzymes activation site lock

Model explained on how enzymes work -the chemical that reacts is the key and it fits into the enzymes activation site lock

Protease - breaking down proteins

Lipase - breaks down fats and oils (lipase )

Carbohydrase - breaks down carbohydrates

Is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugar

Produced in salivary gland and pancreas

Is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugar

Produced in salivary gland and pancreas

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

Produced in stomach , pancreas and small intestine

Is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugar

Produced in salivary gland and pancreas

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

Produced in stomach , pancreas and small intestine

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Produced in the pancreas and small intestine

Is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugar

Produced in salivary gland and pancreas

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

Produced in stomach , pancreas and small intestine

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Produced in the pancreas and small intestine

Bile is an alkaline which neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach and partially breaks down lipids

Produced in liver and stored in gall bladder

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Help protect body against infection

Can change shape so they can squeeze out of blood vessels into tissues to engulf microorganisms

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Help protect body against infection

Can change shape so they can squeeze out of blood vessels into tissues to engulf microorganisms

Are fragments of cells which collect at should and trigger blood clotting

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Help protect body against infection

Can change shape so they can squeeze out of blood vessels into tissues to engulf microorganisms

Are fragments of cells which collect at should and trigger blood clotting

Take blood from heart to organs

Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Help protect body against infection

Can change shape so they can squeeze out of blood vessels into tissues to engulf microorganisms

Are fragments of cells which collect at should and trigger blood clotting

Take blood from heart to organs

Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres

Take blood from organs to heart

Thinner walls and valves to protect backflow

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Help protect body against infection

Can change shape so they can squeeze out of blood vessels into tissues to engulf microorganisms

Are fragments of cells which collect at should and trigger blood clotting

Take blood from heart to organs

Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres

Take blood from organs to heart

Thinner walls and valves to protect backflow

Allow substances need by cells to pass out of the blood

Allow substances produced by cells pass into blood

Narrow and thin walled

Blood is a tissue and is made up of a liquid called plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Transports chemical substances around the body such as oxygen hormones and antibodies

They contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it from the lungs to tissue and cells

Didn’t contain nucleus

Very small can fit through tiny capillaries

Shaped in a biconcave discs

Help protect body against infection

Can change shape so they can squeeze out of blood vessels into tissues to engulf microorganisms

Are fragments of cells which collect at should and trigger blood clotting

Take blood from heart to organs

Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres

Take blood from organs to heart

Thinner walls and valves to protect backflow

Allow substances need by cells to pass out of the blood

Allow substances produced by cells pass into blood

Narrow and thin walled

In a double circulatory system where the blood passes through the heart twice on each circuit

Four chamber

Left and right atria which receive blood from veins

Left and right ventricles which pump the blood out into arteries

Blood leaves heart to lungs via pulmonary artery

Air goes down tranchea where it separates into two tubes the bronchi

Bronchi divides more into bronchioles which divide even more into its just tiny air Sacs called aveoli

Aveoli diffuse oxygen and carbon dioxide

Blood taken back to heart by poulmanory vein

The right atrium

Persons lifestyle E.g lack of excercise

Substances in persons body e.g chemicals from smoking

Coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease

When layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries and narrow them

Treatments :

Stents and statins

Mesh that’s inserted into arteries to keep them open

Mesh that’s inserted into arteries to keep them open

Medication that reduce blood cholesterol levels and slow down the rate in which fats build up

Cancer is a non communicable disease which is caused by uncontrollable cell division.this leads to tumours

Cancer is a non communicable disease which is caused by uncontrollable cell division.this leads to tumours

Benign - tumours which do not spread around the body

Malignant - tumours that spread in the blood and from second tumours

Epidermis - skin of plant

Palisade mesophyll -main site of photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll - air spaces between cells allow air to diffuse

Xylem vessels - transports water and minerals

Phloem vessels - transports dissolves food materials

When water is loaded from the leaves through the small pores called stomata

When phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant