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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics of living organisms?
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Movement
Respiration Sensitivity Nutrition Excretion Reproduction Growth |
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What are organelles?
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Tiny structures within cells.
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What organelles are found in animal cells?
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Nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.
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What organelles are found in plant cells that aren't in animal cells?
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Chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole.
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Define homeostasis?
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The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
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What does homeostasis do?
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It keeps your internal environment constant.
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Examples of homeostasis?
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temperature change amount of water in the air change, rainy day with a lot of water a sunny dry day without water.
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Do your cells in your body change?
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No your body keeps the environment inside your body almost the same, all the time. In your tissue fluid surrounding the cells, the temperature and amount of water are kept almost constant?
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Why is homeostasis so important?
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It helps your cells to work as efficiently as possible
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Define homeothermic?
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Animals body temperature is independent of the temperature of the environment
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Define endothermic
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Animals which get their heat from within themselves.
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Are mammals and birds homeothermic or ectothermic?
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Homeothermic
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What optimum temperature do enzymes work at efficiently?
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37 celsius
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What are the two names of skin on humans?
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Epidermis and dermis and one of the main organs that regulate heat.
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What does the epidermis do?
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Protects the deeper layers.
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If the temperature outside is zero Celsius what happens to a poikilothermic animal's metabolic rate?
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Slows down, and the animal is inactive.
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If the temperature outside is zero Celsius what happens to a homeothermic animal's metabolic rate?
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Its cells produce heat by breaking down food through respiration. its body temperature stays high enough to keep its metabolism going.
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If the temperature outside is twenty Celsius what happens to a homeothermic animal's metabolic rate?
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Because is body temperature does not change. it may be less active, to avoid overheating.
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If the temperature outside is twenty Celsius what happens to a poikilothermic animal's metabolic rate?
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Its metabolic rate speeds up, and it becomes active.
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Which of the following depend on membrane proteins for transport into or out of a cell:
a. Facilitated diffusion b. Osmosis c. Active transport d. Both a and c e. None of these |
d
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which is the correct order of the following according to the levels of organization in nature?
a. Cell, organelle, organ, tissue, organ system, organism. b. Organism, cell, tissue, organ, organelle, organ system. c. Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. d. Tissue, organ system, organ, organism, organelle, cell. e. None of these |
c
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A monomer of most lipids has two parts - the ___________ portion and the ___________ acid chains.
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Glycerol
Fatty |
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Which of the following terms includes all the others in the list?
a. Polysaccharide b. Carbohydrate c. Monosaccharide d. Disaccharide |
b
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One molecule of fat is made by joining three molecules of ____________ to one molecule of _____________.
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Fatty acids
Glycerol |
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__________ fats contain the maximum number of hydrogens along the tail.
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Saturated
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What chemical element is present in proteins and nucleic acids, but not in sugars and fats?
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Nitrogen
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Changing one amino acid within a protein could change what about a protein?
a. The primary structure b. The overall shape of the protein c. The function of the protein d. All of the above |
d
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A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture...
a.DNA b.Proteins c.Cellulose d.Fatty acids e.Sucrose |
a
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A glucose molecule is to ___________ as a _____________ is to a nucleic acid.
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Starch
Nucleotide |
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This cell organelle contains plant cell fluid:
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Large central vacuole.
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___________ is the site of photosynthesis.
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Chloroplasts.
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What is a catalyst?
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Anything that makes chemical reactions occur faster by lowering activation energy.
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Are all enzymes catalysts?
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Yes
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Are all catalysts enzymes?
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No
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Where are enzymes found?
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In ALL cells of your body.
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What analogy is used with enzymes?
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A lock and a key because specific enzymes work with specific substrates.
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What specific fit allows enzymes to work?
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Each substrate fits the enzyme's active site.
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What four things affect how well an enzyme works?
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Temperature, pH, concentration, and surface area
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What temperature works best for enzyme reactions?
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Room temperature.
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What is the ideal pH for an enzyme reaction?
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Neutral (about 7.0 on the pH scale)
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In which part of the chloroplast is chlorophyll found in?
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In discs called "Grana"
Hint: Grana sounds like Grandma and you have disks in your back. Older people tend to have bad backs. :) |
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What is the liquid part of the chloroplast called?
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The Stroma
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Where are chloroplasts found?
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In the cells' of leaves
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How is Oxygen released after photosynthesis?
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Through a small opening in the bottom of leaves' cells called stoma.
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What is photosynthesis?
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The process by which plants take in water and carbon dioxide and using sunlight produce oxygen and glucose to create their own food.
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What is the chemical formula for glucose?
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C6H12O6
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
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6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
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In Mitochondria
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What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
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Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2) --> Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) + Energy (ATP)
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What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?
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Glucose (C6H12O6) --> Lactic Acid + Energy (ATP)
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Anaerobic respiration in plants:
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Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
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What is the chemical equation for Lactic Acid fermentation?
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C6H12O6 --> C3H5O3
(Glucose --> lactic acid) |
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What is the chemical equation for Alcoholic Fermentation?
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C6H12O6 --> C2H6O + CO2
(Glucose --> Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon dioxide) |
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
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The Cytoplasm
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What determines what type of fermentation takes place?
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Type of organism
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What organisms can alcoholic fermentation take place in?
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Yeasts and some micro-organisms
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What organisms does lactic acid fermentation take place in?
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Animals (muscles)
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What is needed for photosynthesis to occur?
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Sunlight and chlorophyll.
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What happens to water molecules during photosynthesis?
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They are drawn up through osmosis and capillary action through the roots and stem.
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What happens to the rate of digestion when you take an antacid like pepsin or trypsin before you eat?
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It digests slower because it neutralizes the acid in your stomach to help prevent heartburn.
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What was the enzyme in the liver?
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Catalase
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What 4 factors effect the rate of transpiration?
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1. Humidity
2. Wind speed 3. Temperature 4. Light intensity |
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Why does humidity effect the rate of transpiration?
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The higher the humidity in the air the lower the rate of transpiration
Due to the diffusion gradient being less steep |
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Why does wind speed effect the rate of transpiration?
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The higher the wind speed the fast the rate of transpiration
Because more moist air is being blown away from the leaf |
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Why does temperature effect the rate of transpiration?
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The higher the temperature the faster the rate of transpiration
Due to water molecules diffusing faster at higher temperatures |
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Why does light intensity effect the rate of transpiration?
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The higher the light intensity the faster the rate of transpiration.
Due to plants photosynthesising faster in bright light |
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How is water taken up from the soil?
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By root hair cells
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Why are root hair cells good for taking up water and minerals from the soil?
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1.They have long hair like extension giving them a large surface area : volume ratio
2. Have thin cellulose cell walls, allowing rapid uptake by osmosis |
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Other than water what else do root hair cells take up from the soil and how?
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They take up mineral ions by active transport
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How do water and mineral ions move up the plant from the roots to the leaves?
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Through the xylem
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What is transpiration?
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Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of the plant.
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What is the phloem?
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Phloem is tissue formed from many living cells that carry dissolved substances from the leaves to other parts of the plant, such as sucrose and amino acids
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What is Xylem?
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The vascular tissue in plants which conducts water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.
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Describe the path of blood flow in a mammal, beginning with the right ventricle
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1. Right Ventricle
2. Pulmonary Artery 3. Lung Capalaries 4. Pulmonary Vein 5. Left Atrium 6. Left Ventricle 7. Aorta 8. Capillaries 9a. Anterior/Superior Vena Cava (for blood in the head and forelimbs) 9b. Posterior/Inferior Vena Cava (for blood in the abdomen and hind limbs) 10. Right Atrium |
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Cardiac Output
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The volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps into the systemic circuit; dependent upon heart rate and stroke volume
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Heart Rate
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The number of times the left ventricle contracts per minute
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Stroke Volume
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The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction
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What is excretion?
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Removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body
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What is elimination?
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Removal of of indigestible material from the body
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What waste does deamination of amino acids in liver lead to?
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Nitrogenous wastes like urea and ammonia
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What do the kidneys do?
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Maintain osmolarity of the blood, excrete numerous waste products and toxic chemicals, conserve glucose, salt, water
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What are the parts of a nephron?
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image
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What are the three steps in urine formation?
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Filtration, Secretion, Reabsorption
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How does the filtration part of urine formation occur?
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Blood pressure forces 20% of blood plasma entering glomerulus through capillary walls into surrounding Bowman's Capsule
Fluid and small solutes entering nephron are called filtrate Filtrate is isotonic with blood plasma Particles too large to filter through glomerulus such as blood cells and albumin, remain in circulatory system Passive process driven by hydrostatic pressure of the blood |
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How does the secretion part of urine formation occur?
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Nephron secretes substances such as acids, bases, ions like potassium and phosphate from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate by both passive and active transport
Materials are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule |
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How does the Reabsorption part of urine formation occur?
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Essential substances (glucose, salts, amino acids) and water are reabsorbed from filtrate and returned to the blood
Occurs primarily in proximal convoluted tubule and is an active process Movement of molecules is accomplished via passive movement of water, this results in concentrated urine, which is hypertonic to the blood |
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What is the osmolarity gradient and how is it established?
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Selective permeability of the tubules establishes an osmolarity gradient in the surrounding interstitial fluid
Tissue osmolarity increases from cortex to medulla Urea and Salt maintain this gradient |
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How is the concentration of urine achieved?
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Counter-current system causes the medium in the medulla of the kidney to be hyperosmolar with respect to the dilute filtrate flowing in the collecting tubule
As filtrate passes through this region of kidney, water flows out via osmosis into capillaries Osmosis of water is dependent upon permeability of collecting tubules to water which is regulated by ADH (vasopressin). |
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Osmoregulation
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Movement of water (not particles)
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Osmoregulation moves by osmosis which is...
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Movement of water from high concentration of particles to low concentration of particles
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Hyper-Osmotic:
Hypo-Osmotic: |
Has more solutes than surroundings so water rushes in.
Less concentration than surroundings so water rushes out |
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Diffusion:
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Movement of solutes from high concentration to lower concentration.
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The Heart System:
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Image
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What are the 4 valves of the heart?
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-Tricuspid Valve
-Bicuspid Valve -Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -Aortic Semilunar Valve |
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What is the direction of blood flow?
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Blood flows through the heart from high pressure to low pressure
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Sensory Neurons:
Relay Neurons: Motor Neurons: |
Carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.
Relay the impulse to a motor neuron. Connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them. |
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The reflex arc:
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Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neuron > Relay Neuron > Motor Neuron > Effector > Response.
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The Eye:
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Image
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Sexual reproduction:
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2 individuals give rise to offspring.
- Each parent passes half of their genetic material - Offspring are genetically different from parent - Uses more energy |
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Asexual reproduction
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1 individual give rise to offspring.
- Passes all of their genetic material to offspring - Offspring are genetically identical to parent (clone) - Uses less energy |
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Differences of Mitosis and Meiosis:
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(1) 1 division = 2 nuclei.
(2) 2 divisions = 4 nuclei. (1) Chromosome number stay the same. (2) Chromosome numbers are halved. (1) Cells are genetically identical to parent and each other. (2) Cells are genetically different to parent and each other. |
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What is binary fission?
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The simple division in half - DNA is replicated and origins of replication are separated - membrane grows between 2 DNA strands (cell splits in 2).
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Zygote:
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At fertilisation with a male gamete and a female gamete. (Ends up with a full set of chromosomes)
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Disadvantages of asexual reproduction:
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Disease can wipe out entire species because they are all genetically identical and there is less diversity.
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Male gametophyte development in the flower:
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It happens in a pollen grain:
1. microsporocytes (in the anther) - meiosis. 2. 4 microspores - mitosis. 3. pollen (male gametophyte). |
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Female gametophyte development in the flower:
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It happens in the ovule:
1. megasporocyte (in the ovule) - meiosis. 2. 4 megaspores. 1 survives -mitosis. 3. 7 cells (8 nuclei) - embryo sac. |
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Early development of a plant:
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Germination of the dormant seed. imbibition - bring in water - growth of the embryo - gets food from cotyledon. Grows towards the light.
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Germination:
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When seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow.
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Theory of Evolution:
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Life began as simple organisms from which more complex organisms evolved (rather then just popping into existence)
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Water Cycle:
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Evaporation and Transpiration > Condensation > Precipitation (Repeat)
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Carbon Cycle:
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Combustion of fossil fuels, CO2 released from decomposition, Animal respiration and Combustion from products made from plants and animals > CO2 in the air > Photosynthesis back into plants.
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Nitrogen Cycle:
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Decomposition of animals and plants and decomposition of urea > Ammonia > Nitrifying bacteria > Nitrates in the soil > Denitrifying bacteria > N2 in the atmosphere > Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots, lightning and Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil.
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Air pollution:
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Carbon Monoxide: Cause by fossil fuels being burnt out.
Acid Rain: Caused by Sulfur Dioxide. (Kills fish and trees) |
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Human Activity causing Greenhouse Gases:
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Carbon dioxide: Car exhausts, industrial processes and burning fossil fuels.
Methane: Rice growing and cattle rearing. Nitrous Oxide: Fertiliser. CFCs: Aerosol sprays, fridges. |
