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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Main functions of our nervous system
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1. Sensory Input
2. Integration 3. Motor Output |
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a cell body containing the nucleus and cell organelles, and long, thin extensions called neuron fibers that convey signals
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neuron
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2 main anatomical divisions of nervous systems
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Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
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the conduction of signals from sensory receptors (light detecting cells of the eye) to integration centers
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sensory input
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Sensory input --> Sensory receptors --> Examples
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eyes, nose, tongue
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the interpretation of the sensory signals and the formulation of the appropriate responses
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integration
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making sense out of the sensory input, brain has to interpret it
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integration
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What system that makes sense of our sensory inputs?
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Central Nervous System
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What main function of our nervous system has to do with our response?
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motor output
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conduction of signals from the integration centers to effector cells (muscle cells or gland cells) which perform the body's responses
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motor output
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What system has to do with motor output?
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PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
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places where myelin sheath pinches off and you're down to the mere axon
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nodes of ranvier
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highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons and convey this information toward the cell body
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dendrites
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a much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells
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axons
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a type of glial cell found in the PNS
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schwann cell
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a thick insulating material that encloses axons
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myelin sheath
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a chain of schwann cells wrapped any times around the axon
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myelin sheath
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spaces between schwann cells
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nodes of ranvier
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site of communication between a synaptic terminal and another cell
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synapse
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where information is passed between neurons
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synapse
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the nerve signal that gets transferred from your nervous sensory organs (eyes, taste buds, nose, etc.)
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action potential
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The action potential was deciphered in what animal's axons in the 1940s?
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giant squid
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Giant squid axons were how large in diameter?
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1 mm
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The action potential is _____ in duration.
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1-2 milliseconds
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An electrical current is faster that our action potentials but our actions potentials only have to travel ________, which is a short distance.
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through our body
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A ____ sigal is very different from the electrical signal
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chemical
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______ help maintain the resting potential of a neuron
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Sodium-potassium (NA+ - K+) pumps
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Sodium potassium pumps transport ____ out of the cell and ____ in, thereby helping keep the concentration of ____ low in the cell and _____ high.
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Sodium, Potassium, Sodium, Potassium)
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The ionic gradient (high K+/low Na+ concentrations inside coupled with low K+/high NA+ concentrations outside) produces an electrical potential difference or _______.
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voltage
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Na+ is controlled by ______
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closed channels
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K+ more freely moves with ______.
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gradient
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NA+/K+ pumps maintain a ____ charge inside and _____ outside.
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negative, positive
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How a nerve signal begins. The cell membrane is ____. ____ channels flood the cell with ____ charges. This creates a wave that moves down the _____.
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stimulated, Sodium, +, axon
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the regions of communication between a synaptic terminal and another cell
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synapses
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Neurotransmitters at the synapse are transferred to the next cell by the _____
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synapse
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types of neurotransmitters that have opposite effects
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epinephrine and norepinephrin
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a type of neurotransmitter that is important in the brain and at synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells, may be excitatory or inhibitory
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acetylcholine
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a type of neurotransmitter that affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning
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sertonin
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an evolutionary trend toward concentration of the nervous system at the head end
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cephalization
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An advantage of cephalization is that the nerves are clustered at the front where _____ is encountered
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new environments
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______ don't have or need cephalization.
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Sessile mollusks
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Other mollusks such as squids and octopi are very ______.
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sophisticated
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The CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of the _____ and _____.
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brain, spinal cord
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three anterior bulges of the neural tube that the vertebrate brain develops from
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forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
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4 parts of the forebrain
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cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
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The midbrain is part of the _____.
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brainstem
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The hindbrain consists of ____ and ____ which are part of _____ and the ______.
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pons, medulla oblongata, brainstem, cerebellum
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The PNS (Peripheral Nervous System consists of ___?
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Cranial Nerves, ganglia, spinal nerves
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2 parts of the PNS
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Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system
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A part of the PNS that carries information to and from skeletal muscles
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Somatic nervous system
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The neurons that tell you to pull your arm away when you touch a hot stove, often considered voluntary because the actions are under conscious control.
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somatic nervous system
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The Autonomic Nervous System (a division of the PNS) can be divided into what three parts?
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Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric Division
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regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and the organs of the digestive, cardiovascular, excretory, and endocrine systems; generally considered involuntary
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autonomic nervous system
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primes the body for activities that gain and conserve energy for the body, rest and digestion, recovery from activity, things that help build and maintain our bodies
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parasympathetic division
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preparing the body for intense energy-consuming activities; ready for action, makes sure that we have the energy available to use, respiration's providing enough oxygen, getting rid of enough CO2 (fight or flight)
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sympathetic division
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networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder; entirely devoted to digestive system
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enteric division
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The parasympathetic division _____ pupil while the sympathetic division ____ pupil. The parasympathetic division ______ saliva production while the sympathetic division ______ saliva production. The parasympathetic division _____ bronchi while the sympathetic division ______ bronchi. The parasympathetic division _____ heart while the sympathetic division _____ heart. The parasympathetic division stimulates ________ while the ____ these. The sympathetic division stimulates _______. The parasympathetic division does what to urination while the sympathetic division does what to urination? The parasympathetic division promotes _____ of genitals while the sympathetic division promotes _____.
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constricts, dilates, stimulates, inhibits, constricts, dilates, slows, accelerates; stomach, pancreas and intestines; inhibits epinephrine and norepinephrine release, glucose release; stimulates, inhibits, erection, ejaculation and vaginal contractions
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Cephalization is a hallmark of what type of symmetry?
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bilateral
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