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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy
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branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
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Who was Aristotle?
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Greek philosopher who developed the first system of biological classification. Two groups: plants and animals. Subdivided plants: herbs, shrubs and tress.
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What is binomial nomenclature?
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System that assigns two words to the name of each species
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Who was Linnaeus?
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Swedish botantist in 18th century, developed binomial nomenclature system, ideas was naming things based on physical and structural similarities.
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What is genus?
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a group of similar species
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What is "specific ephithet"?
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specific characteristic of a species
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What is a phylogenic Tree?
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Tree showing the evolutionary history of a species.
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What are the Earth's six kingdoms?
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Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals.
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What are Prokaryotes?
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Organisms with cells that lack distinct nuclei bounded by membranes.
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What are the two kingdons of prokaryotic organisms?
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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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What are viruses?
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Nucleic acids enclsoed in a protein coat. Virus are non living, all they can do is replicate on the host cell.
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What is a bacteriophage?
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A virus that infects bacterium.
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What is the lytic cycle?
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The process when the virus takes over the host cell's genetic material and reproduces.
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What are the two ways a virus can enter a host cell?
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Injection, when the capsid of the virus stays attached to the outside of the cell and Envelopment, when the the virus surrounds the cell membrance and burst in.
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What are the five stages of the lytic cycle?
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Attachment, Entry, Replication, Assembly and Lysis and Release.
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What happens in attachment?
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the virus recognizes and attaches to the host cell when the proteins interlock on the plasmas membrane or in the envelope.
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What happens in entry?
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The bacteriophage injects its nucleic acid into the bacterial cell.
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What happens in replication?
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The host's metabolic machinery makes viral nucleic acid and proteins.
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What happens in assembly?
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New virus particles are assemble.
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What happens in Lysis and Release?
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The host cell breaks open and releases new virus particles.
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How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?
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The viral DNA is integrated (rather than taking over) the host cell chromosome.
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What does provirus mean?
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Viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's chromosome. Every time the host cell replicates, the provirus replicates.
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Give me three examples of lysogenic viruses
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herpes, chicken pox/shingles.
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What are parasites?
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bacteria that get nutrients from living organisms.
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What are saprophytes?
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Organisms that feed on dead organisms or organic wastes. They break down and recycle the nutrients in body tissues.
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What is a photosynthetic autotroph?
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Eubacteria that need light to make the organic molecules that are their food. Example: cyanobacteria
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What is a chemosynthetic autotroph?
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Eubacteria that get energy by breaking down and releasing the energy of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen through chemosynthesis.
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What are bacteria?
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Microscopic, prokaryotic cells.
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What are the seven parts of a typical bacterium?
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Capsule, Cell Wall, Chromosome, Flagellum, Plasmid, Pilus and Plasma Membrane.
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Who was Sir Alexander Fleming?
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Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928.
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What is binary fission?
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The way bacteria reproduce: asexual reproduction, producing two identical cell.
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What is conjugation?
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Sexual reproduction for bacteria: this method of reproduction creates bacteria with a new genetic composition.
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What are obligate aerobes?
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Bacteria that require oxygen for respiration. Examples: the organism that causes tuberculoses.
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What are Obligate Anaerobes?
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Bacteria that are killed by oxygen. Examples: bacteria that cause syphilis and botulism (food poisoning)
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What is a heterotrophs?
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An organism that can not make its own food and must feed on other organisms.
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What is an autotroph?
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Organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients.
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What is a DNA virus?
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Virus injects DNA to the host cell.
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What is an RNA virus?
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Virus injects RNA to the host cell.
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What does Facultative mean?
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Bacteria that can live in aerobic and anaerobic conditions
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What is endotoxin?
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Endotoxin means that the bacteria releases the toxin within the host cell
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What is an exotoxin?
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Endotoxin means that the bacteria releases the toxin outside the host cell
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What are antibiotics?
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Drugs used to kill viruses.
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What is morphology?
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Morphology is the study of the structures of animals and plants
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What is Embryology?
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Embryology is
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What does virulent mean?
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Virulent means
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What does Temperate mean?
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Temperate means
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What does dormancy mean?
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Dormancy means
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What is actinobacteria?
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Actinobacteria is
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What is omnibacteria?
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Omnicbacteria is
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What is spirochaeta?
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Spirochaeta is
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What is chlorxybacteria
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Cyanobacteria is
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What is cyanobacteria?
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photosynthetic autotrophs, bacteria that contain the pigment cholorphyll. They are usually blue-green in color and live in ponds, streams and moist areas.
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What is Aphragmabacteria?
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Heat and acid loving bacteria that live around deep ocean vents where there is scorching hot water.
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What is Halobacteria?
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Bacteria that live in salt loving envirnoments like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea.
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What is Methanocreatices?
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Archeabacteria that live in oxygen-free environments and produce methane gas. Examples, bacteria living in marshes, lake sediments, digestive tracts of cows.
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List Six Diseases Caused by Bacteria
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Strep Throat, Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Lyme Disease, Dental Cavities, Diptheria.
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List several viruses
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Inlfuenza, Herpes, AIDS, chicken pox, shingles
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What are the eight taxonomic levels?
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Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain.
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