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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitosis |
Divides into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell |
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Meiosis |
Divides into four unique daughter cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell |
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Cell cycle |
Where body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells |
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Why is mitosis important |
Allows organisms to increase in size Replacement of cells that have died Asexual reproduction |
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Stages of the cell cycle Interphase |
DNA is spread out on long strings Before division, the cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes Duplicates DNA leaving one copy for each cell- X shaped chromosomes formed |
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Mitosis stages 1 Prophase |
The chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter. The membrane around the nucleus break down The chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm |
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Stage 2 metaphase |
The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell |
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Stage 3 Anaphase |
Cell fibres pull the chromosome apart The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell |
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Stage 4 telophase |
Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes These become the nuclei of the two new cells The nucleus had divided |
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What is cytokinesis? |
Where the cytoplasm and membrane divide to form two separate cells |
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Cancer cells due to uncontrolled cell division |
Mutation in a cell and the cell starts to divide uncontrollably- tumour forms |
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Growth in plants |
Cell division Cell differentiation Cell elongation |
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Animal growth |
Cell division Cell differentiation |
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Function of embryonic stem cells |
Can divide and produce any kind of cell |
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Cell differentiation |
Cells differentiate to form specialised cells. Having specialised cells allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently |
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Risks of stem cells used in medicine 1. Rejection |
If the transplanted cells aren’t grown using the patient’s own stem cells it could trigger an immune system reaction- cells are seen as foreign Can take drugs to suppress it Makes them more likely to catch diseases |
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2. Tumour development |
Stem cells divide quickly and if unable to control the rate -tumour may develop |
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Disease transmission |
Viruses live inside cells, of donor stem cells are infected with a virus and is gone unnoticed- patient could catch it. Made sicker |
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What are the two types of stem cells? |
Embryonic - found in embryos Adult - bone marrow |
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Stem cells are useful : |
Rebuild bones Repair damaged immune system Adult stem cells can be used to treat leukaemia Heart disease Make new brain cells to treat people with Parkinson’s |
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Stem cell |
A cell that hasn’t been differentiated yet |
