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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A virus that infectst bacteria, also called a bacteriophage
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phage
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The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands
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double helix
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predicts that when a double helix replicates, each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand, derived from the parent molecules, and one newly made strand.
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semiconservative model
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A Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing
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replication fork
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An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain
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DNA polymerase
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A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain
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DNA ligase
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An already existsing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis
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primer
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is an enzyme that untwists te double helix at the replication fork, separating the two old strands
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helicase
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DNA-cutting enzyme (damaged part of DNA would be cut out)
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nuclease
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An enzyme that catalyzes the lenghtening of telomeres; the enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments
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telomerase
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The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template
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transcription
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The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in a mRNA molecule. There is a change of language from nucleotides to amino acids
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translation
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A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
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codon
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An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.
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RNA polymerase
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Within the promoter the TATA box is located about 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcriptional startpoint. RNA polymerase II cannot recognize the TATA box and other landmarks of the promoter on its own. Transcription factors that recognize the TATA box bind to the DNA before RNA polymerase can do so.
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TATA box
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A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
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intron
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A coding retion of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed. Exons are separated from eachother by introns
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exon
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transfer RNA's function is to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm's amino acid pool to a ribosome. Interpreter of the mRNA molecule.
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tRNA
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ribosomal RNA are found in ribosomal subunits along with proteins
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rRNA
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A change in a geve at a single nucleotide pair.
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point mutation
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A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
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insertion
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(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of a nucleotide from a gene.
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deletion
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A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes mutation
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mutagens
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A mutation occuring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3, thus resulting in improper grouping into codons.
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frameshift mutation
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An enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
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reverse transcriptase
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The protein shell that encloses the viral genome; rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more completely shaped.
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capsid
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A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
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prophage
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A type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell.
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lytic cycle
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Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome.
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provirus
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an RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DHA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses
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retrovirus
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A plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked RNA only several hundred nucleotides long
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viroid
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(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a canerous cell. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is assimilated by a cell.
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transformation
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In bacteria, the transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
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conjugation
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A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions.
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operon
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A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene
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repressor
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