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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In humans, what is our haploid chromosome number?
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23
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What letters are used to represent the heterozygous, homozygous dominant, and homozygous recessive genotypes?
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Bb, BB, bb
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Mitosis is the division of a diploid cell to make two new___cells. Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell to make 4 new ___ cells.
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Diploid, Gamete or Haploid
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A segment of DNA that codes for a protein is known as a ___.
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Gene
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What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
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Carries amino acids to the ribosome
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A person is Bb for brown eyes. What is their genotype? Phenotype?
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Genotype- Bb
Phenotype- Brown Eyes |
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What does it mean if a trait is sex-linked?
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Carried on the X chromosome
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In humans, our diploid chromosome number is ___.
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46
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What is the function of mRNA in Protein synthesis?
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Carries a copy of DNA
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On which molecule is a codon found?
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mRNA
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On which molecule is an anticodon found?
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tRNA
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In which type of cell is the Lac Operon Model found?
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bacteria/prokaryote
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Which part of an onion did we look at to observe cells in Mitosis?
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the root tip
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What is the sugar in DNA called?
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Deoxyribose
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List the 4 types of nucleotides found in DNA.
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine.
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THe Lac Operon model represents the regulation of 3 genes that code for which Enyme?
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Lactase.
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List the 6 phases of cell division in order.
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
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List the 3 main parts of DNA
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Phosphate, sugar, base.
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What are the subunits in DNA called?
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nucleotides
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Which two types of organisms did Griffith work with in 1928?
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Mice and bacteria
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Which type of life form did Hershey and chase label with radioactive sulfur and radioactive phosphorous?
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Viruses
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If a DNA segment reads ATGC, what would the complimentary segment read?
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TACG
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Which organelle in the cell is responsible for making proteins or polypeptides?
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Ribosomes
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What is the function of tRNA?
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carries amino acids to the ribosome
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List two differences between DNA and RNA.
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DNA: double stranded
RNA: single stranded different sugars DNA has thymine RNA has uracil DNA is permanent mRNA is shorter and temporary |
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DNA replication results in ___ new DNA molecules that have ___ DNA codes or sequences.
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2, identical
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When would a cell need to replicate its DNA?
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Just before the cell divides
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Which type of molecule carries a copy of a gene (copied from DNA) to the ribosome?
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mRNA
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How many amino acids are available to a cell?
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20
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Which enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to a growing DNA molecule?
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DNA Polymerase
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Which enzyme adds RNA nucleotides to a growing mRNA stand?
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RNA polymerase
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If mRNA reads AUC, what would tRNA read?
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UAG
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Which code is used to find the correct amino acid when using an amino acid chart?
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mRNA
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If a DNA template reads AUC, what would mRNA read?
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UAG
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WHy must tRNA be complimentary to mRNA?
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Because tRNA bonds temporarily to mRNA in the ribosome.
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IF an organism's 2N (diploid) number is 26, what is its haploid number?
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13
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What is added to the front of an mRNA Molecule before it leaves the nucleus? WHat is added to the end?
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GTP Cap
Poly-A Tail |
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Chargaff noticed that in every DNA Sample there was always the same amount of adenines and thymines. WHat did he conclude?
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A pairs with T
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NAme two molecules that are made in the nucleolus that have to do with Protein Synthsis?
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rRna and protein
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If you use a punnett square to determine the pattern of inheritance for two traits and you find that your predicted ratios are a lot different than your actual ratios, this tells you that
___. |
Genes are linked on the same chromosome.
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In the Lac Operon model, which region of the chromosome does the repressor bind to? Which molecule is the inducer?
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Operator
Lactose |
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Which two scientists used radio-active labels to determine that viruses inject DNA into cells?
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Hershey & Chase
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Which two bases make up purines in DNA? Pyrimidines?
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A&G are purines
C&T are pyrimidines |
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If you use a punnett square to determine the pattern of inheritance for two traits and you find that your predicted ratios are a lot different than your actual ratios, this tells you that___.
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genes are linked on the same chromosome
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What is the mode of inheritance or inheritance pattern for Sickle Cell Anemia?
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Codominant
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What is the name of Mendel's Law that states that alleles separate into separate sex cells and must recombine to produce recessive offspring?
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Law of Segregation
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NAme 3 genetic disorders that are caused by a recessive, autosomal mutation.
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PKU, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs
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Two parents that have brown hair and can both roll their tongue have a baby with blonde hair and can roll its tongue. Which of MEndel's laws applies?
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2nd Law- Law of Independent Assortment
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IF a person that is type A (heterozygous) has a baby with a type O person. What are the possible blood types for their offspring?
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A and O
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What is the name of Mendel's Law that states that homologous chromosomes assort independently of other homologous chromosomes?
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Two parents who have brown eyes have a child with blue eyes. Which of Mendel's laws applies?
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1st law- Law of Segregation
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What is Wobble of the Anticodon?
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when the 3rd base in the mRNA codon can vary and the same amino acid is coded for. For example, UUU and UUC both code for the amino acid Phenylalanine.
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What happens during Interphase and metaphase of mitosis?
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Inter- chromosomes duplicate
Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. |
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What happens during Anaphase and Telophase of mitosis?
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Anaphase- chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase- Two new nuclei form |
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List two events that occur during Prophase I of meiosis that do not occur during mitosis.
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Homologous chromosomes pair and they cross over
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How many cells are produced from a single, diploid cell during meiosis? How do these cells compare to each other?How many chromosomes are in each Cell?
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4
all unique 1/2 is the normal number |
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Which protein (needed for cell division) is specifically made during the G2 phase of the cell cycle (just before the cell divides)?
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spindle fibers
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List 4 events that occur during Prophase of mitosis.
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Chromosomes become visible
Nuclear envelope disappears Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell Spindle Fibers form |
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What is a sister chromatid?
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One side of a duplicated chromosome
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What is wrong genetically with someone who has Turner's Syndrome?
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They lack an X chromosome- so their genotype is XO
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What is wrong genetically with someone who has Down Syndrome?
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They have an extra 21st chromosome
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Which two molecules make up a ribosome?
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protein and mRNA
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What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?
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Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes |
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On which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found during replication?
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lagging strand
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Which part of a DNA sequence does RNA polymerase always bind to?
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Promotor Region
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List the 3 stages that occur for both transcription and translation
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Initiation, Elongation, Termination
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Which enzyme unwinds the DNA Molecule during replication? Which Enzyme fuses Okazaki fragments?
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Helicase
Ligase |
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What are the fragments of DNA called that occur on the lagging strand during replication that are eventually fused together?
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Okazaki Fragments
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What is transcription?
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When RNA Polymerase copies a segment of DNA- only one side of the DNA
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NAme the 4 molecules that are modified into DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
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dGTP
dATP dCTP dTTP |
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In which direction does DNA polymerase read the DNA strand? In which direction are the new DNA strands synthesized?
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3' to 5'
5' to 3' |
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List three ways that mRNA is "processed" before leaving the nucleus in eukaryotes.
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Introns spliced out, GTP cap added, Poly-A tail added
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What is translation?
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When is the mRNA is translated 3 bases at a time by the ribosome to an amino acid sequence
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What are the two sites on a ribosome called that bond to existing and incoming amino acids?
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P site
A site |
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Describe the contributions of Jacob and Manod in 1961.
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They described the Lac-Operon model in prokaryotes
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What is one major difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
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No interphase during meiosis II and no pair of homologous chromosomes or crossing over during Prophase II
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2N refers to an organism's ___.
Number and N refers to its ___ Number. |
Diploid
Haploid |
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What does it mean if a trait is said to be polygenic? (an example is the shape of your nose)
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Polygenic: Many traits
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According to the Lac-Operon model, when does lactase get synthsized or made in a bacterial cell?
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When the bacterium consumes lactose
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What is the process of making eggs called? Making sperm?
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oogenesis
spermatogenesis |
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Genes A and B recombine 50% of the time. Genes A and C recombine 10% of the time. What is the order of the genes?
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ACB or BCA
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What is the word used to describe a one-trait cross? Two-trait cross?
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monohybrid
dihybrid |
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A foreign protein on a cell's surface is known as an ___. An Immune system cell can respond to a foreign protein by producing ___.
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Antigen
Antibodies |
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A person with type O blood has a baby with a personn who has type AB. What are the possible Blood types of their Offspring?
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A and B
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2N refers to an organism's ___.
Number and N refers to its ___ Number. |
Diploid
Haploid |
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What does it mean if a trait is said to be polygenic? (an example is the shape of your nose)
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Polygenic: Many traits
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According to the Lac-Operon model, when does lactase get synthsized or made in a bacterial cell?
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When the bacterium consumes lactose
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What is the process of making eggs called? Making sperm?
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oogenesis
spermatogenesis |
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Genes A and B recombine 50% of the time. Genes A and C recombine 10% of the time. What is the order of the genes?
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ACB or BCA
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What is the word used to describe a one-trait cross? Two-trait cross?
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monohybrid
dihybrid |
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A foreign protein on a cell's surface is known as an ___. An Immune system cell can respond to a foreign protein by producing ___.
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Antigen
Antibodies |
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A person with type O blood has a baby with a personn who has type AB. What are the possible Blood types of their Offspring?
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A and B
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