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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two theories of how damage occurs:
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1. Direct: radiation itself damages DNA
2. Radiation activates dormant viral oncogenes |
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Cancer can be promoted by: (6)
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1. Problems with DNA repair / genomic instability
2. Chemical Carcinogens 3. Radiation Carcinogens 4. Microbial/Viral Carcinogens 5. Chronic Inflammation 6. Inherited genetic defects could make a sixth |
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2 naturally occuring chemical Carcinogens:
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1. Arsenic
2. Aflatoxins |
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When we inject a rat with
carcinogen they get _____ ______ . Removing the _____ first, they don't. |
-breast cancer
-ovaries |
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________ is non-self ; by ______
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-Cancer
-Ehrlich |
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______ and ______ said Immune surveillance
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Thomas and Burnet
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Tumor Antigens are products of
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mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
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Tumor Antigens are
over or aberrantly (different from norm) ______ ________ |
expressed proteins
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Tumor Antigens are proteins from
_______ _______ |
oncogenic viruses
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Anti-tumor Mechanisms:
List 4 contributors |
1. CTLs
2. NKs 3. Macrophages 4. Human Mechanisms |
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Anti-tumor Mechanisms:
CTLs are helpful with _________ ________ |
virus-associated cancers
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Anti-tumor Mechanisms:
NKs fail to |
express MHC I molecules to avoid T cells and makes them target for NKs
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Anti-tumor Mechanisms:
Macrophages activation can |
-phagocytose and kill tumor cells or
-secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
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Anti-tumor Mechanisms:
Humoral Mechanisms - |
-Monoclonal treatments are affective
-no evidence of spontaneous (unplanned) formation of antibodies |
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Immune Surveillance:
Evidence states that |
200X as many immunocompromised people get cancer compared to immunocompetent people
(AIDS, transplant patients, most are lymphomas) |
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Immune Evasion:
Subclones that draw out a bit immune response are ______ during ______ _______ |
eliminated ; tumor progession
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Immune Evasion:
Expression of _______ is reduced |
MHC I
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Immune Evasion:
There is a down regulation of _______ _______ for ______ _______ responses |
co-stimulatory molecules ; T cell
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Immune Evasion:
Antigen Masking - |
-Glycocalyx, basically mucus
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Immune Evasion:
Immunosuppression - |
-release of cytokines that turn down the immune response
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Benign or malignant, _____ ______ can be life-threatening
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neoplastic growth
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Host Effects: Localized
Mechanical Pressure/Obstruction - |
-Damage is dependent upon site versus tumor size
-Sometimes pattern of spread is important |
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Host Effects: Localized
Tissue Destruction - |
Breakdown of tissue can be either by pressure or invasive properties of the tumor
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Host Effects: Localized
Bone destruction can lead to _____ and ______ |
-fractures ; hypercalcemia
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Host Effects: Localized
Hypercalcemia related to neoplasm has two causes: |
1. Osteolysis releasing bone
2. Ectopic hormone production |
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Host Effects: Localized
Hemmorrhage is common in |
epithelial tumors and cancers of colon
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Host Effects: Localized
What occurs in Hemmorrhages |
-ulceration
-bleeding |
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Host Effects: Localized
In Hemmorhage, chronic loss can lead to ____ |
anemia
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Host Effects: Localized
In Hemmorhages, whats less common? |
serious bleeding occurring in
stomach and intestinal tumors |
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Host Effects: Localized
In Infection, patients are susceptible to infection due to: (3) |
1. blocked drainage
2. ulceration 3. immunosuppression |
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Host Effects: Systemic
Fever is common in many types of _____ ______ |
malignant neoplasm
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Host Effects: Systemic
Fever in malignant neoplasm is caused by |
release of cytokines from the tumor cells or macrophages (1L-1 & TNF - alpha)
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Host Effects: Systemic
Cachexia - |
Weight loss and wasting later in disease
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Host Effects: Systemic
In Cachexia, list 4 contributing factos: |
1. anorexia
2. malabsorption 3. toxic products 4. TNF-alpha (cachectin) |
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Grading estimates
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the malignancy level:
- I, II, III, IV - increasing anaplastic changes |
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Staging estimates (4):
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-size of primary lesion
-spread to lymph nodes -metastes -systems |
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List 3 Lab Diagnosis:
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1. Morphology
2. Tumor Markers 3. Molecular Diagnosis |
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List examples of Morphology (6)
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1. Excision
2. Biopsy 3. Fine-needle biopsy 4. Cytologic smears (Pap smears) 5. Immunocytochemistry 6. Flow cytometry |
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List examples of Tumor Markers (3)
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1. Hormones
2. Isoenzymes 3. Tumor-associated antigens |
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Tumor Markers -
Tumor-Associated Antigens: List 3 specific types |
1. AFP (Alpha fetoprotein: liver, teratocarcinomas, embryonal cell carcinomas)
2. PSA (prostatic cancer screening; low sensitivity) 3. CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen; colon,pancreas,stomach,breast; follow up and monitoring) |
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PSA is a prostatic ______ ______
CEA is a ______ ______ and ______ |
-cancer screening
-follow up & monitoring |
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Name and describe 2 Isoenzymes
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1. Acid Phosphoatase - metastasis from
prostate cancer 2. PLAP - carcinoplacental alkaline phosphate |
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List 5 Molecular Diagnostics
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1. Diagnosis
2. Prognosis & Behavior 3. Detection of minimal residual disease 4. Diagnosis of hereditary predisposition 5. Therapeutic decision making |
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PCR of TCR or immunoglobin genes check for
______ _______ |
monoclonal expansion
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FISH checks for _______
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translocations
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Lung cancer with ALK mutations responds to
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ALK inhibitors while lung cancers without the mutation doesn't
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Testing allows
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decision-making regarding treatments that will be most effective
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3 Molecular Prfiling of Tumors
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1. mRNA
2. DNA 3. Expression Profiling |
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Whole Genome Sequencing
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Sequence the entire tumor genom and look for mutations and therapeutic targets
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