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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological Agent |
a microorganism, or toxin derived from a microorganism, which causes disease in man, plants, or animals or which causes the deterioration of material. |
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Biological Warfare |
the intentional use of viruses, bacteria, other microorganisms, or toxins derived from living organisms to cause death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. |
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Pathogen |
a microorganism able to cause disease. |
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Bloodborne Pathogen |
microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. |
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Other Potentially Infectious Materials (OPIMs) |
1) human body fluids 2) Any unfixed tissue or organ from a human 3) HIV containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV or HBV containing culture medium or other solutions. |
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Infection |
microorganism able to overcome the defense barriers and live inside the host; tissue damage may or may not result. |
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Disease |
conditions where the host's tissues are damaged or their function is altered by the microorganisms. |
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Chain of Infection |
(1) Pathogen (2) Reservoir (3) Escape from reservoir (4) Transmission through Environment (5) Portal of entry (6) Susceptible Host |
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Routes of Entry for Biological Health Threats |
(1) Inhalation (2) Absorption via dermal (skin) contact (3) Ingestion (4) Injection |
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Bacteria |
oldest and most abundant life forms (unicellular and simple) on earth and are found almost everywhere. Causes diseases usually by invading host tissues or by producing poisons (toxins). |
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Viruses |
nonliving infectious agents. They are intracellular parasites that are totally dependent on a living host and require living host cells in order to replicate. |
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Toxins |
harmful substances produced by living organisms (includes ricin) |
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Other Microbiological Organisms |
(1) Fungi (2) Parasites (3) Prions |
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Contact Transmission |
when a susceptible host comes in contact with a pathogen source either directly or indirectly. |
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Direct Contact Transmission |
microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another person without a contaminated intermediate object or person. includes Droplet spread |
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Indirect Contact Transmission |
occurs when organisms are spread to a susceptible host via a contaminated intermediate object or person. |
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Vector-borne Transmission |
occurs when an infectious agent is transmitted to a host by a vector such as a mosquito, flea, or tick. |
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Airborne Transmission |
when infectious agents, carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in the air, are inhaled into the respiratory system. |
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BBP Program |
CFR 1910.1030 Requires employers to develop an exposure control plan and identify job classifications, tasks, and procedures where there are occupational exposures. Exposure plan also addresses hepatitis B, post-exposure procedures, staff training, related waste handling , engineering/work practice controls and PPE. The plan is required to be reviewed annually |
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BE role in BBP Program |
- Infection Control Committee - Engineering Controls and PPE - Regulated Waste |
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TB Infection Control Program |
Guidelines created by CDC to avert a resurgence of TB and to eliminate the threat to health care workers in various settings:
- inpatient settings - outpatient settings - nontraditional facility-based settings |
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Controls in the TB Infection Control Program |
environmental - administrative - respiratory protection |
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BE Roles in Infection Control Committee |
(1) Infection Control Committee (2) TB Screening Program (3) Respiratory Protection (4) Engineering Controls |
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Category A |
Highest Risk, Can be easily spread or transmitted, result in high death rates, cause public panic / social disruption, and reqiure special action for public health preparedness. |
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Category A Agents |
- Variola Major (smallpox)- Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)- Yersinia pestis (plague)- Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism)- Francisella tularensis (tularaemia- Filoviruses- Ebola hemorrhagic fever- Marbug hemorrhagic fever- Arenaviruses
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Category B |
Second highest priority - moderately easy to spread- result in moderate illness rates and low death rates.- require specific enhancements of CDC's laboratory capacity and enhance disease monitoring.
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Category B Agents |
- Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)- Brucella species (brucellosis)- Burkholderia mallei (glanders)- Alphaviruses - Venezuelan encephalomyelitis- Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis- Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans)- Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens- Staphylococcus enterotoxin B
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Category C |
Third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future.
- easily available- easily produced and spread- have potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact. |
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Category C Agents |
- Nipah virus- Hantaviruses- Tickborne hemorrhagic fever viruses- Tickborne encephalitis viruses- Yellow fever- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
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Method/Sources for Identifying Biological Health Threats |
- Intelligence Sources - Existing Documentation - Other service organizations and support agencies - Assessments of local hazardous facilities - Observations and interviews |
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Intelligence Sources |
- Intelligence Officer - Medical Intelligence Officer (PH) - National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI)
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Existing Documentation |
- Site specific data in DOEHRS - Water Vulnerability Assessments - After Action Reports (AARs) can identify issues with a location and lessons learned during past deployments - Prior Inspection Reports - Medical Treatment Facility IC Plan, TBIC Plan, and BBP Exposure Control Plan
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Other Service Organization and Support Agencies |
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) - US Army Public Health Command (USAPHC) - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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Assessments of Local Hazardous Facilities |
- Review Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC)/ Toxic Industrial Material (TIM) Assessments - Local Government Agencies
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Observations and Interview |
- Visual Clues - Potential Hazardous facilities - Speaking to personnel |
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Factors to consider while analyzing threats within the operational context
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- Type of mission - Length of operation/ deployment- Living conditions - Working conditions- Geographical location and conditions- Threat characteristics - Exposure parameters - Personal protective equipment or individual protective equipment - Medical treatment resources
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Factors to consider when determining the impact of biological health threats |
- Determine how the health affects personnel. - Consider how the health threat will affect the mission and operational requirements. - Clarify what are the psychological consequences on the unit? - Ask are there occupational or exposure standards that apply? - Consider the potential for exposure variability. - Identify plausible outcome or potential consequences. |
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Non-BE specific equipment |
- Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device (RAPID)- Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)- Portal Shield - Joint Biological Standoff Detection System (JBSDS) - Dry Filter Unit |
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BE equipment |
- Chem/Bio Sampling Kit (QuickSilver) (for sample collection)- HAZMAT ID- Biological Sampling Kit including the Hand Held Assay (HHA) - XMX/2L-MIL Bio-aerosol Sampler
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Hand Held Assay (HHA) |
- limited detection- provides simple and quick ID of specific biological agents- single-use test
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XMX/2L-MIL Bio-aerosol Sampler |
- used for collection of aerosols.- intended to be stationary for collecting aerosols in the air.- sample is collected in a vial and analyzed with HHAs, ELISA test kits or sent to lab for analysis.
- should be placed in the normal breathing zone range which is 5-6 feet. - capable of collecting aerosolized samples of 1-10 microns in size required to be able to be adsorbed in the lungs- collected in an impinger containing 5 mL of liquid (deionized water and pbs liquid). |
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Ruggedized advance pathogen identification device (RAPID) |
- portable, impact resistant instrument.- designed for use in military field hospital, first responders and other rough environments.- detects 5 biological agent
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Joint biological agent identification and diagnostic system (JBAIDS) |
- rapid and specific identification of biological threat agents.- detects 14 biological agents.- specimen and samples analyzed include blood, sputum, etc
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Portal Shield |
- variable number of biological sensors networked with a central Command Post Computer (CPC)- detection of biological warfare agent triggers warning from CPC.
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Joint biological standoff detection system (JBSDS) |
- early warning biological detection (BD) system.
- provides real time detection of biological conditions and early warning of biological attacks/incidents.- used in conjunction with point detectors. |
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HAZMAT ID |
- uses infrared light to analyze chemical bonds in compounds.- results from power-up to analyze take only a few minutes- indicates presence of pathogen bur nor specific pathogen identity.
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Dry Filter Unit |
features: aerosol collection system suitable for use in buildings or limited areas. Results take only a few minutes. Can not analyze, but indicates presence of pathogen. |
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Chemi/Bio sampling kit |
- contains all tools, all required components needed for chemical/biological sampling.- lightweight- can be tailored to specific user requirements.
use on: - visible powders (or suspensions)- suspicious liquids- sampling a suspect area where visible contamination is present- Filed screening of suspect improvised explosive devices and munitions- Identification of aerosolized biological agents |
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Parts of the XMX |
- Inlet Stock- Manual Trigger- Timer- Liquid Impingement Module Access Door- 110V AC Power Input- Main Power Switch- Remote Trigger Cable Receptacle
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Engineering Controls |
Method of isolating, removing, and preventing biological hazard transmission.
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Engineering Control Options |
- sharp disposal containers- laser scalpels - mechanical pipettes - splatter guards- negative pressure ventilation systems- ventilated biological cabinets- centrifuge tubes with caps
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Shelter-in-Place |
provide a physical barrier which keeps some of the contamination away from the people inside.
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Collective Protection (ColPro) |
a dedicated hardened or unhardened shelter equipped with an air filtration unit providing over pressure. Protect those inside a building, room, shelter or tent against contamination through the combination of:
- impermeable structure materials- air filtration equipment- air locks- overpressurization |
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Isolation/Treatment Rooms |
Located in a medical treatment facility, used to keep potentially infected patients away from the rest of the patients who may be waiting for treatment for other issues.
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Administrative Control Options for Biological Threat |
- Hand Hygiene- Sanitation- Food and Water Sanitation- Immunoprophylaxis- Chemoprophylaxis - Standard Precautions - Proper Labeling - Marked Contamination- Isolation, Quarantine and restriction of movement. - Safe Work Practices- Decontamination
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Immunoprophylaxis |
prevention of disease by the administration of vaccines or hyperimmune sera before a person is exposed.
Only means of providing continuous protection against BW threats prior to, as well as during hostile actions. |
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Chemoprophylaxis |
the administration of medicines to treat a person. Generally, medication administered after exposure.
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Safe Work Practices |
- Proper handling of used needles and other sharps including proper disposal and not recapping needles.- Following procedures for collecting and transporting potentially infectious fluids and tissue.- Limiting access to work areas where biological hazards are in use.- Performing procedures carefully to minimize the creation of splashes or aerosols.- Prohibited mouth pipetting- Not eating, drinking, smoking, handling of contact lenses, application of cosmetics, or storing food for human use in the work area.
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PPE |
prevents biological agent from reaching worker's airways, skin, mucous membranes, and clothing.
"selection is based upon anticipated level of exposure risk associated with different response situations." |
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PPE items |
- gloves- lab coats- gowns- shoe covers- goggles- glasses with side shields- masks- respiratory protection
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Classes of Indoor Air Contaminants |
- Carbon Dioxide - Carbon Monoxide - Relative Humidity - Temperature- Bio-Aerosols - Dusts/Fibers - Volatile Organic Compounds - Tobacco Smoke - Other
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Sources of Indoor Air Pollutant Emissions |
- HVAC system- Poor Office Layout- Combustion - Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) containing products- Wet/Damp Materials - Tobacco
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BE Roles in Indoor Air Quality |
- Building Walkthrough- Worker Interview- Measure Comfort Parameters- Investigate Odor/Smell Complaints- Investigate Mold/Bacteria Contamination- Air Sampling- Reporting Recommendations- Follow-up Visits
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