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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List three modern groups of seedless plants and two groups ofmodern seed plants |
three seedless: bryophytes, lycophytes, andpteridophytes two seeds: gymnosperms andangiosperms. |
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Distinguish land plants from their closest green algal relatives,by listing four plant-specific features |
1. tissue-producing apical merstem
2. tough-walled spores produced in multi sporangia 3. alternation of two multicellular generations 4. dependent embryo |
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Discuss some ways in which seedless plants are useful to humans and their environments |
Mosses are valued in gardening and as soil conditioners, peatmosses help to reduce climate fluctuations, ferns are widelyused as houseplants and in landscape design |
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bryophtes |
nonvascular, simple mosses, etc to larger more complex vascular plants |
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vascular plants |
those having lignified conduct-ing tissues (Chapters 9, 10)—include ferns and close relatives,which do not produce seeds, plus the seed plants |
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Why is it important to knowsomething about plant diversity |
is that allplant groups are important tohumans and other animals.Humans are most dependentupon the seed plants for foodand other materials, but seed-less plants—bryophytes, lyco-phytes, and pteridophytes—are also useful to people Apical meristem Sporopollenin coat Embryo Archegonium and essential to the healthyfunctioning of ecosystems |
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Discuss shared, derived traits that indicate descent of earliestland plants from ancestral streptophyte green algae |
1. similar cell division systems 2.plasmodesmata 3. sporopollenin |
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List three tough molecules that aid plant survival on land andcontribute to the formation of plant fossils |
Sporopollenin, lignin, and cutin aid plant survival on land andalso foster preservation of plant tissues as fossils |
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Describe how fossils of an extinct plant group help us to under-stand the origin of modern vascular plants |
Fossils of the extinct plants known as protracheophytes illustrateevolutionary transition from bryophyte-like unbranched sporo-phytes to vascular plant-like branched sporophytes |
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Make a timeline showing the sequence of appearance of majorplant groups |
1) strepto-phyte algae appeared before the first land plants 2) amongbryophytes, liverworts diverged earliest and hornworts latest 3) seedless vascular plants diverged later than any bryophytegroup 4) seed plants arose from ancestors among theseedless vascular plants |
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Lignin |
a complex polymer of phenolic subunits confers waterproofing, resistance to compression anddecay, and other properties useful in water conduction |
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Paleobotany |
the study of plant fossils, which are very useful forestimating the ages of plant groups |
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Explain the concept “descent with modification” and give anexample from plant evolutionary history. |
a concept pioneered by CharlesDarwin, explains how ancestral features can be inherited andtransformed in the descendants. One example is the utilizationby early land plants of the inherited ability to make tough spo-ropollenin to encase spores with this material, thereby fosteringspore survival in air |
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Discuss how zygote cell division differs in plants and their streptophyte algal relatives |
Land plant zygotes undergo mitosis to generate a diploid spo-rophyte generation that can produce many spores by meiosis.By contrast, zygotes of streptophyte algae undergo meiosis toproduce relatively few spores. Delay in meiosis allows plants toproduce many more spores per zygote |
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Explain how delay in meiosis might aid plant reproduction inthe terrestrial environment |
early land plant inherited from algal ancestors flagellatesperm that need water to swim to eggs, the relatively dry terres-trial environment might have limited the ability of early land plantsto produce zygotes. Delay in meiosis would allow early plantsproducing just a few zygotes to compensate for this limitation |
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Distinguish lycophylls from euphylls and explain how the lattermight have originated |
-Are leaves having just a single vein that are pro-duced by lycophytes; euphylls are leaves having a more extensive, branched vascular system and are produced by fernsand seed plants -may have originated some ferneuphylls might have originated from a branched stem systemby overtopping, planation, and webbing. |
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List the three modern groups of bryophytes and explain theirrelationships. |
1) earliest-divergingliverworts 2) next-diverging mosses 3) most-recentlydiverging hornworts, the closest relatives of vascular plants |
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Explain how lycophytes differ from bryophytes and pteridophytes |
lycophytes possess true stems and relatively small leavesthat typically possess an un-branched vein with xylem; thoughmosses and some liverworts produce leaf-shaped and stem-likestructures, these lack a vascular system with xylem. Most pte-ridophytes possess relatively large leaves having a branchedvascular system. |
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List three major types of pteridophytes |
1. whisk ferns 2. horsetails 3. ferns |
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Explain what heterospory is, why it is important, and whatseedless plants display this feature. |
is a trait in which two types of spores, smallermicrospores and larger megaspores, are produced within twotypes of megasporangia borne on leaves known as sporo-phylls. Male gametophytes develop and are dispersed withinmicrospores, protected Heterospory increasesthe ability of plants to disperse sperm-producing gametophytein air, and decreases inbreeding. Heterospory is also importantbecause its acquisition |
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placental transfer cells |
they function much like the placenta of placental mammals. |