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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the patella, and type of bone
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- Sesamoid bone (integrated into the tendon of the quadriceps femoris)
- resists friction and compression, enhances knee movement |
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Pectoral girdle bones
compare to pelvic girdle |
Clavicle and scapula
- less stable than pelvic girdle, but more mobile |
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Pelvic girdle bones
Compare to pectoral girdle |
Illium, Ischium, pubis
More stable and less mobile than pectoral girdle |
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Clavicle
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Keeps scapula and shoulder joint away from the bony body wall
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Scapular articulations?
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Glenohumerous joint -- joined to the humerus
Not to the axial skeleton Acromioclavicular - to the clavicle |
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Elbow joint
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- Hinge joint (one plane of movement)
- flexion and extension - Trochlear notch of ulna fits into trochlea of humerus - also involves capitulum of humerus and head of radius |
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trochlea
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Pulley
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Knee joint
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- two condylar joints between femoral and tibial condyles (enclosed by capsule with synovial membrane)
- and a gliding synovial joint between patella and femur - Flexion and extension, varying degrees of rotation and gliding |
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Spleen functions
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Immunity, removes old red/white blood cells, produces white blood cell lymphocytes
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Large vs small intestines
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small: digestions
Large: water absorption from indigestible matter, passes waste |
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Gall bladder
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stores bile
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Trachea
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air passage way to lungs
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ureter
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connects kidneys to bladder
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5 characteristics of a well designed fitness test
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1. Validity (measures intended thing)
2. Accuracy (precise) 3. reliablility (reproducible) 4. Objectivity (uniformity of results) 5. Economy (cost-benefit) |
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Male pelvis vs female
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Female pelves:
- wider - have a bigger sub-pubic angle - broader true and false pelves - larger pelvic inlet and outlet - more space between ischial tuberosities, ischial spines and between ischial spine and sacrum - larger sacral curvature and sciatic notch |
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cervical lordosis
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convexity of the cervical spine facing anteriorly
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thoracic kyphosis
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convexity of the thoracic spine facing posteriorly
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Lumbar lordosis
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Convexity of the lumbar spine facing anteriorly
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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Thoracic cage functions and three types of ribs
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- Harbours lungs, heart, organs, vessels and nerves
- true ribs: connected by costal cartilage to the sternum (7) - false ribs: do not articulate directly with sternum (5) - floating ribs: no attachment with sternum (2) |
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Acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula
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acromion process articulates with the clavicle, and coracoid is the site of attachment to biceps brachia, pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis muscles and many ligaments
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Tibial tuberosity
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attachment point of patellar ligament
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physical fitness
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ability to carry out tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, with energy to enjoy leisure and meet unforeseen emergencies
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5 components of health related physical fitness
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1. cardio-respiratory fitness
2. muscular endurance 3. strength (isometric and isotonic) 4. flexibility 5. body composition |
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PAR-Q
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physical activity readiness questionnaire, standard for entry to exercise programs
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Random vs systematic error
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Random: statistically unpredictable, do not bias results?
Systematic: shift measurements in one direction away from true value; caused by incorrect instrumentation/techniques reduction: standardization of testing (pre-test, environment, equipment, training etc) |
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How to take skinfold measurement
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- relaxed subject, folds taken from right side of body
- index and thumb of left hand, fingers pointing down - pull and roll the fold downward - apply jaws of calliper at right angles to skin fold, 1cm below the near edge of the grasping fingers - take the measurement 2-4s after releasing jaw pressure (subcutaneous pressure is compressible) - record to nearest 0.5mm |
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Heath carter somatotypes
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• Endomorphy – relative fatness in physique.
• Mesomorphy – relative development of the musculo-skeletal system. • Ectomorphy – relative linearity of physique. - ratings from 0-12 on each |
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bioelectric impedance
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resistance to flow of electric current is higher in adipose tissue than in bone and muscle
- errors: water fluctuations from exercise, dehydration, eating, drinking, body temp - 3-5% error |
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somatotype athletic prescriptions
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Sprinters/runners/basketball = ectomorphic mesomorphs
Football linemen = endomorphic mesomorphs swimmers/gymnasts = mesomorphs High and long jumpers = ectomorphs |
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Adiposity vs proportional weight rating
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fatness vs weight for height
- differential between these indicates musculoskeletal dvm - A: sum of 6 skin folds adjusted for height - W: weight adjusted by height |
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O-SCALE
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individual physique assessment to replace use of %fat equations
- used in monitoring changes/improvement throughout a program - A- and W-rating |
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stanine scale
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evaluate an individual's fitness relative to the normal distribution (using a- and w-ratings)
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what's particular about the Canadian physical activity, fitness and lifestyle approach - healthy body cmposition assessment procedure?
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ut uses SO5SF and waist girth measurement
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cruciate ligaments of the knee
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posterior and anterior ligaments that cross each other, resist forward/backward displacements of the tibia/femur
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Meniscus (knee)
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half-moon shaped fibrocartilaginous discs on tibial condyles -- enhance depth of fit of femoral condyles
and cushion |
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condyle
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rounded protuberance of a bone, forming articulations
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Collateral ligament
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both tibial and fibular
- resists unwanted side movements at the knee |
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acetabulum
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c-shaped socket of hip joint
- has synovial membrane and articular cartilage, not joint capsule (this is found on the femur) |
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synovial joints features
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- most common type of joint in mammals
- contrast with fibrous and cartilaginous joints - capsules surrounding the articular surfaces and presence of synovial fluid |
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name 3 ligaments in the hip
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iliofemoral, pubofemeral (anterior support)
ishiofemoral (posterior support) |
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3 bones of the ankle and 1 heelbone
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Tibia + fibula (inverted U), talus
calcaneus |
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Flexion + extension
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flexion = decrease in angle between two bones in anterior-posterior plane
extension = returns parts to anatomical position Hyperextension = >180 degree angle, beyond anatomical position |
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rotation
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motion of a bone around a central axis
- medial rotation = anterior of bone moves inward - lateral rotation = anterior of bone moves outward |
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supination vs pronation
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prone = palm down (prone done)
supination = palm up (pining to get something) |
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Plantar vs dorsar flexion
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plantar = uses calf to point toes and foot down; plant your toes in the ground
dorsar = toes and foot up toward the shin |
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horisontal flexion
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shoulder flexion -- movement from side-horizontal position to front-horizontal position
opposite of horizontal extension |
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Fibrous joint
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fibrous tissue joins bones, no joint cavity or movement
- ex scull |
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cartilaginous joint
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slightly moveable, hyalin cartilage or fibrocartilage joins bones
- ex. discs between the vertebrae, costal cartilage |
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how do ligaments contribute to joint stability and mobility
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resist abnormal movements of joints, beyond normal limits, but are strong and slightly elastic allowing movement
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1. articular cartilage purpose?
2. synovial fluid? 3. bursae |
1. cushion, protective layer
2. reduce friction and shock absorption 3. sac of fluid, shock absorption and prevent friction |
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intervertebral disc
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fibrocartilaginous cushion (shock, protection during movement)
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ligaments in the elbow (weak and strong where?)
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medial and lateral collateral ligaments = anteriorly weak and posteriorly strong
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two types of intervertebral joints
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- CARTILAGINOUS intervertebral disc joints (anterior)
- gliding SYNOVIAL joints between the superior and inferior facets of adjacent vertebrae (posterior) |
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number of vertebrae in each section of the spine
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7, 12, 5, 5, 4
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what prevents the torso from falling back at the hip
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the sacroiliac ligament i guess
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shoulder joint complex: name 2 joints
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Glenohumeral (glenoid fossa of the scapula and humerus head) and acromioclavicular (acromion process and clavicle)
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Where do most dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur?
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most occur anteriorly because
"No major muscles or ligaments are associated with the anterior side of the glenohumeral joint. Dislocation of the humerus is therefore most likely to occur anteriorly into the axilla" |
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types of joint injuries (5)
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1. sprain: twisting or overstretching a joint, sometimes tearing or separating the ligament from the bone
2. dislocation: of the articular surfaces of bones, ligaments are sprained too 3. subluxation: partial dislocation 4. bursitis: inflamation of bursa 5. arthritis: joint inflammation from trauma, infection, metabolic disorders |
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types of ankle sprains (2) and ligaments affected (NB mostly fibular)
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- Inversion sprain: anterior talofibular, then calcaneal fibular ligaments (rarely, posterior talofibular)
- Eversion sprain: deltoid (or medial) ligament and anterior tibiofibular ligaments |
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how to do the sit-and-reach test
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1. pre-stretch of lower back and hamstrings
2. shoes off, sitting on the ground, legs straight/locked, feet 15cm apart against baseboard 3. subject bends at trunk, slowly forward, arms reaching forward pushing the cursor along the scale 4. hold max position for 2s 5. lowering head helps 6. knees may not flex, or bounce 7. repeat test twice 8. compare results |
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tucking your shirt into the back of your pants requires which joint movements?
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Elbow flexion and extension (biceps brachii and tricep brachii)
shoulder extension, elevation and depression? |
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Deltoid muscle movements
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flexion, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension or abduction of the shoulder
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cutting the coup de jarnae (knee) affects the hamstrings and therefore which movements?
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knee flexion, and extension at the hip (standing from seated)
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hamstring antagonist?
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quadriceps antagonist
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shoulder joint (not girdle) movements and movers
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deltoid: flexion, horizontal flexion, abduction, horizontal extension
pectoralis major: flexion, horizontal flexion, horizontal flexion, adduction, and extension (from a position above the shoulder level) latissimus dorsi: extension, adduction, inward rotation and horizontal extension |
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elbow joint movers
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- Biceps brachii: flexion at elbow and shoulder, supination of forearm
- Brachialis: flexion - triceps brachii: extension at elbow and some shoulder |
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Shoulder girdle movers
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trapezius: upward rotation, elevation and retraction of scapula
serratus anterior: protraction of scapula, upward rotation rhomboid: retraction and downward rotation of scapula levator scapulae: elevates scapula |
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Hand and wrist movers
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flexors: of wrist and fingers
Extensors: of wrist and fingers |
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trunk movers
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abdominal group: trunk flexion and lateral flexion
Erector spinae muscle group: trunk and lateral extension |
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Hip movers
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- rectus femoris: flexion at hip, extension at knee
- iliacus and psoas: flexion at hip, (trunk flexion) - gluteus maximus: extension of thigh and outward rotation - gluteus medius: abduction at hip - adductor magnus: adduction at hip |
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knee movers
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quadriceps: extension
- vastuses (3) and rectus femoris hamstrings: flexion at knee, extension at hip - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris |
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ankle movers
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- Gastrocnemius: plantar flexion at foot (assist flexion at knee)
- soleus: plantar flexion - Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion |
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steps to muscular analysis of body activities
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- perform the movement and observe
- note the joints - note type of movement - list the movers |
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pull up analysis
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Elbow: flexion (biceps brachii, brachialis) and then extension (triceps brachii)
Shoulder: extension (latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid, pectoralis major), then flexion (pectoralis major, anterior deltoid) shoulder girdle: retraction and depression (rhomboid), and then elevation and protraction (levator muscle, trapezius, serratus anterior) |
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squat analysis
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Hip joint: flexion (quadriceps and psoas and iliacus), and then extension (gluteus max)
knee: flexion (hamstrings) and then extension (quadriceps) ankle: dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior) and plantar flexion (gastrocnemius, soleus) |
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dumbbell fly analysis
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Shoulder: horizontal flexion (pectoralis major, anterior deltoid) and then extension (latissimus dorsi, mid and posterior deltoid, stabilized by pectoralis major i expect)
shoulder girdle: protraction (serratus anterior) and then retraction (rhomboid and trapezius) |
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walking vs running
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gluteus max is more intensely activated in running (extension at hip)
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most common male/female somatotypes
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334 and 353 / 533 and 433
women are more endomorphic and less mesomorphic |
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Heath Carter vs Sheldon methods
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Sheldon uses photoscopic observations, but heath-carter is direct measurement and extended scale from 7 to 12
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Endomorphic temperament
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Viscerotonia
- love eating, lethargic, doesn't enjoy phys ed, slow/awkward, weak, participates to be part of the group |
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Mesomorphic temperment
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Somatotonia
- strength, power and endurance, matures early, good athelete, likes phys ed and showing off |
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ectomorphic temperament
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Cerebretonia
- prefers small groups, shy and self-conscious in the gym, rather watch or play individual sports |
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problem with somatotype
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doesn't describe height or body proportionality
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Mass
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quantity of matter contained in an object, measured in kg
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Risks of male/female- type obesities
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Male: fat on upper torso and abdomen (apple) = higher risk for cardiovascular disease
Female: fat below waste in thighs, hips, buttocks (pear) = less risk |
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Essential fat
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- Marrow of bones and heart, lungs, liver, spleen, muscles, lipid-rich tissues of CNS
- also breasts, pelvic region and thighs of females - component of nerve sheaths and cell membranes |
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Fat-free mass
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- Bone, muscle, vital organs, connective tissue, protein, mineral, water
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Lean body mass
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- bone, muscle, vital organs, connective tissue, protein, mineral, water PLUS small amount of fat within tissue structure
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storage fat
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in adipose tissue, for energy supply,
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two component vs four component model of body analysis
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1. fat mass (adipose, subcutaneous adipose)
2. fat-free mass or 2. protein 3. mineral 4. water |
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essential fat in females vs males
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12% vs 3%
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obesity vs thinness health risks
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obesity: high blood lipid, type 2 diabetes, hypertension
thinness: renal disorders, muscle waste, cardiac arythmias, sudden death |
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criticize health-weight tables (2)
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based on non-representative sample (ethnic and socioecon), and don't consider body composition
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underwater weighing principle (archimedes' principle)
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person is subject to a buoyant force equal to the weight of the water it displaces
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problems with body density measurements
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1. body only has fat and non-fat (but there are 4 components)
2. they are constant (but actually they vary with age, sex, race) |
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BMI category values
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obese = 30.0 - 34.9 ; 35.0 - 39.9 and >40
Overweight = 25.0 - 29.9 Healthy body weight = 18.5 = 24.9 underweight = <18.5 |
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BMI calculation and problems
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Mass(kg)/Height (m2)
doesn't consider body composition, and based on US/EU populations |
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error with skinfold measurements and assumptions (3)
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3-4% error (when done correctly)
1. two compartment model 2. adipose tissue constant throughout the body 3. fixed proportion of internal and external fats |
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O-SCALE and CPAFLA-HBCA procedures vs skinfold procedures
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skinfold is worse at considering body composition
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Western society changes in composition
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higher fat, lower muscle and bone mass
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longitudinal vs cross-sectional data for studying growth in children
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- longitudinal studies show differences between people, rate of change, but are difficult to do
- cross sectional show a picture of many ages at a point in time, not much info about timing of growth and individual differences |
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Peak height velocity in boys vs girls
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- growth spurts
- girls earlier than boys (they are taller and heavier at 9-10) - peak is 11.5 for girls and 13.5 for boys - boys gain 20cm and girls 16cm in height - girls reach final height at 14-15 and boys at 17-18 |
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why are males taller than females
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because they have more regular growth before their growth spurts, especially legs
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osteopathy in women
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- 90% of bone is present at the end of skeletal maturation in adolescence
- minimal gains in bone mass after this - bone density depends on mass accumulated in adolescence and rate of loss during adulthood |
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changes in body proportion and physique
- head - leg length - face, extremities |
- head:body = 1:4 in newborns and 1:7.5 in adults
- leg length:height = 1:3 in newborns and 1:2 in adults - head dimension grow faster than trunk - hands and feet faster than rest of limb - bones of face faster than cranal vault ( |
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maxilla
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upper jaw bone, nose and part of eye socket
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mandible (mangible!)
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lower jaw bone
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indices of maturity
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- Ossification (Cartilage to bone)
- Dental age (permanent dentition) - growth curves (timing of peak velocity) - sexual age (secondary characteristics) - neural age (motor and sensory development) |
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factors affecting growth
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Genetics and environment (nutrition and disease)
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maturity variations (5 categories) -- height
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- average children
- early maturers (tall children, not as adults) - early maturers and genetically tall - late maturers (short children, average as adults) - late maturers and genetically short |
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Distance curve
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graph of progress over time
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velocity curve
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increments in growth plotted over time
changes in growth rates |
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osteoporosis
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decrease in mineral content of bones (thin, brittle)
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myology
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study of muscles
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endomysium, permysium, epimysium
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connective tissues maintaining intramuscular pressure and boost force production
endo surrounds muscle fibers peri surrounds fasciculi (bundles of fibers) epi surrounds muscle |
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tendons
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fibers attaching muscle to bone, transmitting force of contractile tissues to bone.
tendons are stronger than muscle |
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tuberosity
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area of a bone where tendon inserts
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origin vs insertion of muscle
belly |
insertion is the movable end, usually the distal end
belly is space between origin and insertion |
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criteria for naming muscles (6)
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Shape, action, location, divisions, size relationships, direction of fibers
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sarcomere
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each unit of contractile proteins (actin (thin) and myosin(thick)) in a myofibril (between 2 z-lines)
- the most basic functional unit of a muscle - myofibrils is contained with other organelles in the muscle fiber (cell) |
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classes of levers and mechanical advantage (numerical)
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1st - fulcrum in the middle (highest mechanical advantage)
2nd - resistance in the middle (wheelbarrow) 3rd - force in the middle (elbow flexion) (lowest mechanical advantage) |
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z-lines
I and H bands A and M bands |
z = separating sarcomeres
I + H = light bands A + M = dark bands |
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how does exercise affect capillaries to the muscle
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it can go from 3 or 4 to 7 per muscle finer (oxygen supply)
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synergist muscles
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aid the agonist in a movement by steadying a joint
- AKA fixator or stabilizer |
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all-or-none law
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- if the AP isn't sent, none of the fibers touching the neuron will be innervated, but if it is sent then all of them will be innervated
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motor unit and types
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motor neuron + muscle fibers that it innervates (usually 200 fivers)
- slow-twitch: slow, endurance, aerobic respiration, more mitochondria, resist fatigue - fast-twitch: fast, power, stores of glycogen, anaerobic respiration |
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force control of a motor unit
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- multi motor unit summation: increasing force by activating more motor units
- frequency/wave summation: compounded effect of many APs quickly down one axon (can generate 5X the effect of one AP) |
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strength vs endurance vs power
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strength: greatest force in one maximal effort
endurance: capacity to repeat contraction over time power: work per unit of time |
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Benefits of strength training (4)
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- slows muscle loss
- increased size/strength of muscle fibers - decrease likelihood of injury - foundation for good fitness (cardio, endurance) |
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types of muscle contractions (3 types and 2 subtypes)
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1. isotonic (dynamic): same tension, change in length
concentric: muscle shortens eccentric: muscle lengthens 2. isometric: same length, increase in tension 3. isokinetic: constant force at all joint angles (only with special equipment) |
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considerations when strength testing
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1. standardized instructions
2. standardized warm ups 3. consistant angle of measurement 4. individual differences considered during comparisons |
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hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia
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hyper: increase in size of fiber (accounts for growth of muscles in humans)
atro: degeneration of cells hyperplasia: increase in number of fibers (may not happen in people) |
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neural adaptations
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- motor unit firing synchronization, increased firing rates, efficiency in neural recruitment patterns
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strength:mass ratio
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- As mass goes up, strength:mass ratio goes down
- Smaller athletes are stronger pound for pound, but bigger athletes may have higher absolute strength |
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male vs female muscular strength
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- men are stronger (due to size, more muscle (esp in shoulders), less fat, tendency to train more)
- higher sex difference in upper body than in legs - men also build muscle more easily through exercise |
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strength and aging
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- max strength between 20-30 years old
- age = decrease in total muscle fibers and in fiber size |
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factors influencing the tension of a muscle and how this affects force
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1. speed of twitch: higher velocity means lesser force, but more fast-twitch fibers = higher strength
2. initial length: slightly stretched increases force because it increases cross-bridge formation 3. angle of pull on the bone: varies across joints |
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why is the muscle power-velocity curve an inverted U?
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because there is an optimal length of sarcomere, no longer or shorter.
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Inertia
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tendency of a body to remain motionless or at constant velocity
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Mass
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quantity of matter in an object (kg)
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weight
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force of gravity on an object's mass (N = mass*acceleration = kg * m/s2)
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force
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mass*acceleration = N
push or pull on an object |
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Newton units
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kg*m/s2
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energy
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capacity to do work (joules)
Potential + kinetic energy weight*height + mass*velocity/2 N*m + (kg*m/s2)/2 |
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momentum
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quantity of motion that an object possesses
mass * velocity |
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mechanical advantage
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force arm length:resistance arm length
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power
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Work/time
or force * velocity kg*m/s2*m/s = kg*m2/s3 |
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work
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kg*m2/s2
Joules (Nm) force*distance |
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kinematics vs kinetics
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kinematics: appearance of motion (pattern and speed)
kinetics: forces associated with motion (optimal force and intended movement of muscles) |
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torque
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force*distance (arm length)
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pressure
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force over an area
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compression vs tension
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pressing force directly through a body (trunk erect)
vs pulling/stretching force directly through a body (bent spine = compression on one side and tension on the other) |
