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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. Innate immunity
2. 5 components of innate immunity |
1. Refers to general, non-specific protection
2.1 Skin 2.2 Tears, saliva, & blood containing lysozyme that destroys bact cell walls 2.3 Acidity of stomach 2.4 Macrophages & neutrophils phagocytize 2.5 Complement system, a group of about 20 blood proteins that nonspecifically bind to surface of foreign cells & destroy |
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Humoral immunity
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Refers to specific protection by proteins in plasma aka antibodies (Ab) or immunoglobulins (Ig)
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Antibodies
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Specifically recognize & bind to microorg. Composed of
1. light & heavy chains (polypeptides) joined by disulfide bonds. 2. Constant (determines Ab class) & variable (gives specificity of antibodies) region. ** IgG (most common) IgA IgM IgD IgE |
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1. Antigen (Ag)
2. Would Ab against cytoplasmic bact protein help remove the bact? |
1. Molecule Ab binds to (viral proteins, bact walls, toxins)
2. No, cytoplasm of bact never accessible to Ab in plasma. Ab only recognize Ag on surfaces. |
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1. How does fitting of Ag determined?
2. If Ag binding site is small, can Ab recognize large proteins as Ag? |
1. By the variable region of Ab.
2. Yes, but they recognize a small part of a protein, not the whole thing. |
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1. Antigens
2. Epitope 3. Carrier |
1. Large molecules w/ many diff recognition sites for diff Ab.
2. Small site Ab recognizes within a larger molecule 3. Large antigenic protein that binds small molecules, helping to produce Ab. |
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3 things that contribue to removal of Ag from body when Ab binds to Ag.
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1. Directly inactivates the Ag (ex: prevents virus from binding to cells).
2. Induces phagocytosis by macrophages/neutrophils 3. Activates complement system to puncture Ag membrane & lyse it |
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1. B cells
2. Where are immature B cells derived from? |
1. A lymphocyte that produces Ab. Makes only one type of Ab protein, which recognizes many Ag.
2. Stem cells in the bone marrow |
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Reason for diverse B cell genes, thus diverse types
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The genes are assembled by recombination from many small segments during B cell development.
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2 types B cells differentiate into when Ag binds to Ab of the immature B cell.
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1. Plasma cells that actively produce/secrete Ab protein into plasma
2. Memory cells that remain dormant & wait for reappearance of same Ag. **This method of differentiation: clonal selection |
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1. Does every cell of the body possess the same copy of genome?
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No, recombination during B/T cell development makes an exception
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2 key features of clonal selection in B cells
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1. Recombination during development to produce many clones, each w/ single Ag recognition specificity (beginning).
2. Selection of a clone out of many clones based on specific recognition of Ag by preexisting Ab genes. |
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1. Primary immune response
2. Secondary immune response |
1. First time encounter of an Ag, taking a week or more for B cell proliferation & Ab secretion.
2. Swifter/stronger; disease symptoms never develop (immuned). Memory cells present. |
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Vaccination
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Exposes the immune system to viral or bact Ag, building up a 2nd. immune response
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T helper cells
**T=thymus, where T cells come from |
CD4 cells; activate B cells, T killer cells, etc. Central controller of whole immune response. Communicates by releasing (hormones) lymphokines & interleukins
**Host of HIV |
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1. T killer (cytotoxic T) cells
2. T-cell receptor |
1. CD8 cells; destroy abnormal host cells
1. Virus-invected host cells 2. Cancer cells 3. Foreign cells (organ transplant) ** Only B cells make Ab 2. Protein on T-cell surface binding Ag **Diff T-cells & receptors: Random |
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1. Autoimmune reaction
2. Role of thymus in T-cell development is to 3. T-cell clone |
1. Immune system attacks the host due to T cells specific for self Ag
2. Destroy all self-specific T cells 3. Survives thymus & proliferate if stimulated by Ag, producing identical T cells specific for particular Ag. |
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1. Way T cells recognize bad cells
2. Crutial cell surface protein 3. MHC I |
1. By examing proteins on its surface
2. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Allows T helpers to check cellular contents 3. Found on surface of every cell in body; randomly pick up peptides from inside of cell & display on cell surface. |
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1. MHC II
2. Antigen presenting cells (APC) |
1. Present only in certain cells aka antigen-presenting cells (macrophages & B cells).
2. Phagocytize particles or cells, chop up, & display fragments using MHC II. T helpers to recognize them -> activate itself -> stimulate specific T killer cells & activate B cells -> active B cells secret specific Ab. |
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1. Bone marrow
2. Cell giving rise to all blood cells 3. Spleen f(x) 4. Thymus |
1. Site of synthesis of all cells of blood.
2. Bone marrow stem cell 3. Site of immune cell interactions; filters blood & destroys aged RBCs 4. Site of T cell maturation |
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1. Tonsils
2. Appendix |
1. Lymphatic tissues in back of throat that catch pathogens from respiration/ingestion.
2. Structure/f(x) similar to tonsils |